{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1865596227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","title":"Non-Production Benefits of Education: Crime, Health, and Good Citizenship","display_name":"Non-Production Benefits of Education: Crime, Health, and Good Citizenship","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1865596227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","mag":"1865596227"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w16722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038201139","display_name":"Lance Lochner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6980-8894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6980-8894"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lance Lochner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics , Faculty of Social Science University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street , North London , ON N6A 5C2 CANADA","RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","University of Western Ontario"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics , Faculty of Social Science University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street , North London , ON N6A 5C2 CANADA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Western Ontario","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038201139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":352,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.21719999611377716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.21719999611377716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.19210000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.188400000333786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime","display_name":"crime","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health","display_name":"health","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"voting","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-participation","display_name":"democratic participation","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-participation","display_name":"citizen participation","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-to-education","display_name":"returns to education","score":0.6039999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7393954396247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780781376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138","display_name":"Citizenship","level":3,"score":0.6631358861923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35959407687187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.35778331756591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33629849553108215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3347671926021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3120986819267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2989680767059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1968124508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1563984453678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w16722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"mag:319507802","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED516977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w16722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w16722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1865596227.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1865596227.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":263,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8676761","https://openalex.org/W39198939","https://openalex.org/W91125102","https://openalex.org/W181309761","https://openalex.org/W228455409","https://openalex.org/W588771622","https://openalex.org/W1484669729","https://openalex.org/W1484817268","https://openalex.org/W1486103593","https://openalex.org/W1488978709","https://openalex.org/W1492107258","https://openalex.org/W1496799874","https://openalex.org/W1501069528","https://openalex.org/W1506411108","https://openalex.org/W1508130583","https://openalex.org/W1509997680","https://openalex.org/W1518906932","https://openalex.org/W1521648509","https://openalex.org/W1527986854","https://openalex.org/W1534481432","https://openalex.org/W1534527066","https://openalex.org/W1535803599","https://openalex.org/W1536870765","https://openalex.org/W1541288691","https://openalex.org/W1541914996","https://openalex.org/W1543123780","https://openalex.org/W1545096351","https://openalex.org/W1564871348","https://openalex.org/W1576671252","https://openalex.org/W1579993753","https://openalex.org/W1581038100","https://openalex.org/W1583069677","https://openalex.org/W1587923124","https://openalex.org/W1593992632","https://openalex.org/W1602251555","https://openalex.org/W1603336658","https://openalex.org/W1606964474","https://openalex.org/W1834564855","https://openalex.org/W1906749237","https://openalex.org/W1956940534","https://openalex.org/W1965682908","https://openalex.org/W1968450808","https://openalex.org/W1969066261","https://openalex.org/W1973420336","https://openalex.org/W1975021796","https://openalex.org/W1977607877","https://openalex.org/W1977807025","https://openalex.org/W1978428178","https://openalex.org/W1979806988","https://openalex.org/W1980412904","https://openalex.org/W1980752708","https://openalex.org/W1983182430","https://openalex.org/W1985780260","https://openalex.org/W1989086700","https://openalex.org/W1989740241","https://openalex.org/W1990535218","https://openalex.org/W1991954685","https://openalex.org/W1992820172","https://openalex.org/W1999094358","https://openalex.org/W1999590993","https://openalex.org/W2005163402","https://openalex.org/W2009797510","https://openalex.org/W2010111996","https://openalex.org/W2013447166","https://openalex.org/W2013786983","https://openalex.org/W2014905132","https://openalex.org/W2020267861","https://openalex.org/W2021018230","https://openalex.org/W2023865373","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2025839854","https://openalex.org/W2025983490","https://openalex.org/W2028783990","https://openalex.org/W2029260280","https://openalex.org/W2037808470","https://openalex.org/W2038652719","https://openalex.org/W2039915612","https://openalex.org/W2040998355","https://openalex.org/W2042754429","https://openalex.org/W2042780804","https://openalex.org/W2042923096","https://openalex.org/W2046468826","https://openalex.org/W2047651757","https://openalex.org/W2048261152","https://openalex.org/W2050931047","https://openalex.org/W2051927440","https://openalex.org/W2052642125","https://openalex.org/W2054397053","https://openalex.org/W2055474347","https://openalex.org/W2060496374","https://openalex.org/W2060952738","https://openalex.org/W2061076093","https://openalex.org/W2065123007","https://openalex.org/W2065716856","https://openalex.org/W2068688218","https://openalex.org/W2069110765","https://openalex.org/W2070001648","https://openalex.org/W2071240032","https://openalex.org/W2071358286","https://openalex.org/W2073617169","https://openalex.org/W2073657306","https://openalex.org/W2076355871","https://openalex.org/W2076664493","https://openalex.org/W2076896921","https://openalex.org/W2081814021","https://openalex.org/W2082493747","https://openalex.org/W2086088486","https://openalex.org/W2086838579","https://openalex.org/W2091143533","https://openalex.org/W2091218744","https://openalex.org/W2095017107","https://openalex.org/W2095750684","https://openalex.org/W2095839158","https://openalex.org/W2097031794","https://openalex.org/W2100695125","https://openalex.org/W2101024482","https://openalex.org/W2104780889","https://openalex.org/W2104872356","https://openalex.org/W2106001491","https://openalex.org/W2106568107","https://openalex.org/W2107623883","https://openalex.org/W2107992979","https://openalex.org/W2108614304","https://openalex.org/W2109417569","https://openalex.org/W2114504287","https://openalex.org/W2114687090","https://openalex.org/W2116692399","https://openalex.org/W2118144184","https://openalex.org/W2118244077","https://openalex.org/W2120161853","https://openalex.org/W2120346031","https://openalex.org/W2122153309","https://openalex.org/W2125353502","https://openalex.org/W2127443055","https://openalex.org/W2127732244","https://openalex.org/W2128193328","https://openalex.org/W2128404810","https://openalex.org/W2128536211","https://openalex.org/W2130781355","https://openalex.org/W2131048770","https://openalex.org/W2131148121","https://openalex.org/W2131662842","https://openalex.org/W2133369488","https://openalex.org/W2135511268","https://openalex.org/W2137023356","https://openalex.org/W2139817109","https://openalex.org/W2140200133","https://openalex.org/W2140640462","https://openalex.org/W2142374353","https://openalex.org/W2142885776","https://openalex.org/W2143394764","https://openalex.org/W2143815327","https://openalex.org/W2144206754","https://openalex.org/W2144357229","https://openalex.org/W2144362243","https://openalex.org/W2145529582","https://openalex.org/W2146100626","https://openalex.org/W2147299362","https://openalex.org/W2147618847","https://openalex.org/W2149884420","https://openalex.org/W2150061885","https://openalex.org/W2150092284","https://openalex.org/W2151587661","https://openalex.org/W2152902069","https://openalex.org/W2163395908","https://openalex.org/W2164075909","https://openalex.org/W2164642877","https://openalex.org/W2164662768","https://openalex.org/W2165262467","https://openalex.org/W2165279165","https://openalex.org/W2166406237","https://openalex.org/W2170549178","https://openalex.org/W2170697357","https://openalex.org/W2171261214","https://openalex.org/W2171459468","https://openalex.org/W2188984072","https://openalex.org/W2200736443","https://openalex.org/W2200964149","https://openalex.org/W2210599739","https://openalex.org/W2235221946","https://openalex.org/W2313669096","https://openalex.org/W2316588455","https://openalex.org/W2325362714","https://openalex.org/W2473133276","https://openalex.org/W2606093993","https://openalex.org/W2731752587","https://openalex.org/W2753221422","https://openalex.org/W2781833702","https://openalex.org/W2797411123","https://openalex.org/W2867713008","https://openalex.org/W2885296179","https://openalex.org/W2889983377","https://openalex.org/W2890251099","https://openalex.org/W2890284680","https://openalex.org/W2890314743","https://openalex.org/W2890818893","https://openalex.org/W2890944180","https://openalex.org/W2890986294","https://openalex.org/W2891326208","https://openalex.org/W2891894567","https://openalex.org/W2892298787","https://openalex.org/W2892319652","https://openalex.org/W2896568111","https://openalex.org/W2915056385","https://openalex.org/W2951035533","https://openalex.org/W3021182017","https://openalex.org/W3022337859","https://openalex.org/W3022550709","https://openalex.org/W3025525792","https://openalex.org/W3097907857","https://openalex.org/W3121142346","https://openalex.org/W3121147769","https://openalex.org/W3121366158","https://openalex.org/W3121403162","https://openalex.org/W3121516895","https://openalex.org/W3121668358","https://openalex.org/W3121749185","https://openalex.org/W3121778551","https://openalex.org/W3121818180","https://openalex.org/W3121823936","https://openalex.org/W3121964543","https://openalex.org/W3122343733","https://openalex.org/W3122480623","https://openalex.org/W3122505971","https://openalex.org/W3122629912","https://openalex.org/W3122949860","https://openalex.org/W3123074987","https://openalex.org/W3123203491","https://openalex.org/W3123229016","https://openalex.org/W3123396988","https://openalex.org/W3123497241","https://openalex.org/W3123675839","https://openalex.org/W3123767144","https://openalex.org/W3124068358","https://openalex.org/W3124277848","https://openalex.org/W3124341513","https://openalex.org/W3124373921","https://openalex.org/W3124756001","https://openalex.org/W3124915220","https://openalex.org/W3124925140","https://openalex.org/W3125025937","https://openalex.org/W3125217044","https://openalex.org/W3125308700","https://openalex.org/W3125451060","https://openalex.org/W3125526623","https://openalex.org/W3125526747","https://openalex.org/W3125650286","https://openalex.org/W3126110430","https://openalex.org/W3145494517","https://openalex.org/W3150586487","https://openalex.org/W3152016476","https://openalex.org/W3168381036","https://openalex.org/W4213188979","https://openalex.org/W4243202921","https://openalex.org/W4245198606","https://openalex.org/W4246137507","https://openalex.org/W4246607039","https://openalex.org/W4252307431","https://openalex.org/W4253505982","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300898074","https://openalex.org/W4410508909","https://openalex.org/W7005811836"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122030681","https://openalex.org/W319507802","https://openalex.org/W7095915965","https://openalex.org/W7095985989","https://openalex.org/W7003678989","https://openalex.org/W7096640618","https://openalex.org/W2013203570","https://openalex.org/W2939817120","https://openalex.org/W2375417656","https://openalex.org/W2991370127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"growing":[1],"body":[2],"of":[3,11,42],"work":[4],"suggests":[5],"that":[6,13],"education":[7,22,43],"offers":[8],"a":[9],"wide-range":[10],"benefits":[12,41],"extend":[14],"beyond":[15],"increases":[16],"in":[17,21],"labor":[18],"market":[19],"productivity.Improvements":[20],"can":[23],"lower":[24],"crime,":[25],"improve":[26],"health,":[27],"and":[28,31],"increase":[29],"voting":[30],"democratic":[32],"participation.This":[33],"chapter":[34],"reviews":[35],"recent":[36],"developments":[37],"on":[38,47],"these":[39],"'non-production'":[40],"with":[44],"an":[45],"emphasis":[46],"contributions":[48],"made":[49],"by":[50],"economists.":[51]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
