{"id":"https://openalex.org/W186065028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","title":"The Discovery of Discrimination","display_name":"The Discovery of Discrimination","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W186065028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","mag":"186065028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195904","display_name":"Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics","issn_l":"2192-6255","issn":["2192-6255","2192-6263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2492995478","display_name":"Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044898565","display_name":"Dino Pedreschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-3225","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-3225"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dino Pedreschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Universit\u00e0 di Pisa,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071524745","display_name":"Salvatore Ruggieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-6087","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-6087"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Ruggieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Universit\u00e0 di Pisa,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023007469","display_name":"Franco Turini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-5476","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-5476"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franco Turini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Universit\u00e0 di Pisa,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044898565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.875,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96205707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"91","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7573000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7573000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.07540000230073929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.04230000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-discrimination","display_name":"algorithmic discrimination","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classification-rule-extraction","display_name":"classification rule extraction","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interestingness-measures","display_name":"interestingness measures","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-restrictions","display_name":"legal constraints","score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-scoring","display_name":"credit scoring","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-records","display_name":"decision records","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-fairness","display_name":"algorithmic fairness","score":0.4659999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6421344876289368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.45767495036125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4366685152053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.41610950231552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40073835849761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3658263385295868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36536359786987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3525863587856293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11107498407363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195904","display_name":"Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics","issn_l":"2192-6255","issn":["2192-6255","2192-6263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/158280","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/158280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::7e32a898d49376d053b1ee4470bfcfb8","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openportal.isti.cnr.it/doc?id=people______::7e32a898d49376d053b1ee4470bfcfb8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society. Data Mining and Profiling in Large Databases., edited by Bart Custers, Toon Calders, Bart Schermer, Tal Zarsky, pp. 91\u2013108. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2013","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195904","display_name":"Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics","issn_l":"2192-6255","issn":["2192-6255","2192-6263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.5676000118255615,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653932954","https://openalex.org/W1487533694","https://openalex.org/W1506285740","https://openalex.org/W1527331759","https://openalex.org/W1537596977","https://openalex.org/W1580325466","https://openalex.org/W1593806347","https://openalex.org/W1601986937","https://openalex.org/W1973036367","https://openalex.org/W1977578104","https://openalex.org/W1999380087","https://openalex.org/W2010349836","https://openalex.org/W2048087720","https://openalex.org/W2071672226","https://openalex.org/W2084812512","https://openalex.org/W2102297485","https://openalex.org/W2110893883","https://openalex.org/W2110921501","https://openalex.org/W2128906841","https://openalex.org/W2138745909","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2208381161","https://openalex.org/W4248358572","https://openalex.org/W6600759562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095190681","https://openalex.org/W1999380087","https://openalex.org/W7098712229","https://openalex.org/W2208381161","https://openalex.org/W2071672226","https://openalex.org/W7098656837","https://openalex.org/W1593806347","https://openalex.org/W1988254060","https://openalex.org/W2586007852","https://openalex.org/W2110921501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Discrimination":[0],"discovery":[1],"from":[2],"data":[3],"consists":[4],"in":[5,14,26,31,55],"the":[6,23,45,56,82,89,95],"extraction":[7,41],"of":[8,18,47],"discriminatory":[9],"situations":[10],"and":[11,29,42,79,88],"practices":[12],"hidden":[13],"a":[15,32,35,62,67],"large":[16],"amount":[17],"historical":[19],"decision":[20],"records.We":[21],"discuss":[22],"challenging":[24],"problems":[25],"discrimination":[27],"discovery,":[28],"present,":[30],"unified":[33],"form,":[34],"framework":[36,52],"based":[37],"on":[38,44,70],"classification":[39],"rules":[40],"filtering":[43],"basis":[46],"legally-grounded":[48],"interestingness":[49],"measures.":[50],"The":[51],"is":[53,86],"implemented":[54],"publicly":[57],"available":[58],"DCUBE":[59],"tool.":[60],"As":[61],"running":[63],"example,":[64],"we":[65],"use":[66],"public":[68],"dataset":[69],"credit":[71],"scoring.":[72],"These":[73],"keywords":[74,90],"were":[75],"added":[76],"by":[77,81],"machine":[78],"not":[80],"authors.":[83],"This":[84],"process":[85],"experimental":[87],"may":[91],"be":[92],"updated":[93],"as":[94],"learning":[96],"algorithm":[97],"improves.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}