{"id":"https://openalex.org/W185778150","doi":null,"title":"Universal precautions: CDC perspective.","display_name":"Universal precautions: CDC perspective.","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W185778150","mag":"185778150","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2545005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:2545005","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2545005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Occupational medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111496480","display_name":"J M Hughes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160401","display_name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/04vmke174","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J M Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111496480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0742,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7729651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"4 Suppl","issue":null,"first_page":"13","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-precautions","display_name":"universal precautions","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-exposure","display_name":"occupational exposure","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bloodborne-pathogens","display_name":"bloodborne pathogens","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b-virus","display_name":"hepatitis B virus","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/needlestick-injuries","display_name":"needlestick injuries","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-exposure","display_name":"blood exposure","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-control","display_name":"infection control","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/needlestick-injury-prevention","display_name":"needlestick injury prevention","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778914530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1565962","display_name":"Needlestick injury","level":3,"score":0.8644436001777649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7860503196716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778519782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1974060","display_name":"Need to know","level":2,"score":0.6488742828369141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778992500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894153","display_name":"Universal precautions","level":3,"score":0.5994455218315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5795131325721741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.5634936094284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019879152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712836","display_name":"Infection risk","level":2,"score":0.5251429080963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5176125764846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776272983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7336291","display_name":"Risk of infection","level":2,"score":0.5134514570236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.4705676734447479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.4606791138648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909477629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894153","display_name":"Standard precautions","level":3,"score":0.4148423671722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166888038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118322","display_name":"Infection control","level":2,"score":0.38724058866500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.33421120047569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3285568058490753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.24025583267211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0779779851436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000163","descriptor_name":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000163","descriptor_name":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000163","descriptor_name":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001826","descriptor_name":"Body Fluids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002487","descriptor_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003140","descriptor_name":"Communicable Disease Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006280","descriptor_name":"Health Workforce","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009784","descriptor_name":"Occupational Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010356","descriptor_name":"Patient Isolation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:2545005","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2545005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Occupational medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:185778150","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2545005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4294161482","https://openalex.org/W1978942598","https://openalex.org/W2047531807","https://openalex.org/W2408870763","https://openalex.org/W1591461106","https://openalex.org/W2170775790","https://openalex.org/W160488462","https://openalex.org/W937435963","https://openalex.org/W4302612691","https://openalex.org/W1991732673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,24,53,77,93],"know":[1,25,54,78,96],"that":[2,19,26,33,55,63,79,85],"the":[3,13,29,34,64,97,113,119,127],"risk":[4,35,65,98,120],"to":[5,44,95],"health-care":[6,14,104],"workers":[7,105],"of":[8,20,66,99,103,115,121],"acquiring":[9,21],"HBV":[10],"infection":[11,100],"in":[12,101,112],"setting":[15],"is":[16,28,50,69],"greater":[17],"than":[18,71],"HIV":[22],"infection.":[23],"blood":[27,45,108],"primary":[30],"concern":[31],"and":[32,84,89,123,126],"following":[36],"needlestick":[37,74],"injury":[38],"or":[39,75],"a":[40,73],"cut":[41],"involving":[42],"exposure":[43],"from":[46],"an":[47],"HIV-infected":[48],"individual":[49],"approximately":[51],"0.5%.":[52],"transmission":[56,68],"can":[57,117],"occur":[58],"without":[59],"such":[60,67],"injuries,":[61,125],"but":[62],"lower":[70],"after":[72],"cut.":[76],"many":[80],"exposures":[81],"are":[82,91],"preventable":[83],"new":[86],"prevention":[87],"strategies":[88,129],"technologies":[90],"needed.":[92],"need":[94],"groups":[102],"with":[106,133],"extensive":[107],"exposures,":[109],"whether":[110],"alterations":[111],"design":[114],"devices":[116],"reduce":[118],"needlesticks":[122],"other":[124],"optimal":[128],"for":[130],"ensuring":[131],"compliance":[132],"recommendations.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}