{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1841536742","doi":null,"title":"Motivation and Markets","display_name":"Motivation and Markets","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1841536742","mag":"1841536742"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:33194","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/33194/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Monograph"},"volume":null,"type":"book","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090121380","display_name":"William Bentley MacLeod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9726-7654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9726-7654","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8003-8874"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Bentley MacLeod","raw_affiliation_strings":["IZA Institute of Labor Economics","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","Columbia University - Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9726-7654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067772558","display_name":"James M. Malcomson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340728805","display_name":"Ifo Institute for Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/045495t75","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340728805","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James M. Malcomson","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research)","University of Oxford - Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340728805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8341,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":145,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96421701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"88","issue":"3","first_page":"388","last_page":"411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficiency-wages","display_name":"efficiency wages","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pay-for-performance","display_name":"performance-based pay","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bonuses","display_name":"bonuses","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shirking","display_name":"shirking","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-enforcing-agreements","display_name":"self-enforcing agreements","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-determination","display_name":"wage determination","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-intensity","display_name":"capital intensity","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-industry-wage-differentials","display_name":"inter-industry wage differentials","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fair-wages","display_name":"fair wages","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-conventions","display_name":"social conventions","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turnover","display_name":"turnover","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-sector-model","display_name":"two-sector model","score":0.6520000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6968784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193835","display_name":"Efficiency wage","level":3,"score":0.801246166229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7214529514312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.6887559294700623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.6723936796188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776544115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17058676","display_name":"Involuntary unemployment","level":3,"score":0.5619917511940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.5416967272758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780608745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293","display_name":"Convention","level":2,"score":0.48177263140678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.47740378975868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3328688442707062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1091819703578949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:33194","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/33194/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Monograph"},{"id":"pmh:uuid:355cad38-7a80-447b-af74-13790b6bb5d0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/10300/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/10300","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:uuid:820784bc-8890-42bc-98fd-c214622ee929","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/11861/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/11861","raw_type":"Monograph"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:boc:bocoec:339","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://fmwww.bc.edu/EC-P/wp339.pdf","pdf_url":"http://fmwww.bc.edu/EC-P/wp339.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3123134406","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:boc:bocoec:339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3125156657","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:88:y:1998:i:3:p:388-411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/425263","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/425263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"R - Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:88:y:1998:i:3:p:388-411","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28199806%2988%3A3%3C388%3AMAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E&origin=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2573138072","https://openalex.org/W3124441914","https://openalex.org/W2106770159","https://openalex.org/W6981374531","https://openalex.org/W4250707161","https://openalex.org/W2037936767","https://openalex.org/W3019593987","https://openalex.org/W6990789497","https://openalex.org/W2157941550","https://openalex.org/W2011222213"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"standard":[1],"shirking":[2],"models":[3],"of":[4,16,24,37,48,56,64,86,117,134,152,160],"efficiency":[5,31,81],"wages,":[6,175],"workers":[7,19,95],"are":[8,96],"motivated":[9],"only":[10],"by":[11,144,148],"high":[12],"wages.":[13],"Yet":[14],"23%":[15],"young":[17],"US":[18],"report":[20],"receiving":[21],"some":[22,164],"form":[23,47],"performance":[25,43,75],"pay.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"extends":[29],"the":[30,35,46,84,132,139,161,167],"wage":[32,57,82],"framework":[33],"using":[34],"theory":[36],"self-enforcing":[38],"agreements":[39],"to":[40,79,131],"allow":[41],"for":[42],"pay":[44,76,107],"in":[45,68,72,97,115],"bonuses.":[49],"The":[50],"result":[51],"is":[52,77,91,142,154],"a":[53,62,88,127,135,157],"simple":[54],"model":[55,162],"formation":[58],"that":[59],"helps":[60],"explain":[61],"number":[63],"apparently":[65],"unrelated":[66],"phenomena":[67],"labor":[69],"markets.":[70],"First,":[71],"efficient":[73,124],"markets":[74],"preferred":[78],"an":[80,123],"when":[83],"cost":[85],"having":[87],"job":[89],"vacant":[90],"low":[92],"and":[93,146,171,173,177],"qualified":[94],"short":[98],"supply.":[99],"Second,":[100],"more":[101],"capital":[102,110],"intensive":[103,111],"industries":[104],"offer":[105],"higher":[106],"than":[108],"less":[109],"industries,":[112],"as":[113],"observed":[114],"studies":[116],"inter-industry":[118],"wages":[119,172],"differentials.":[120],"Third,":[121],"sustaining":[122],"outcome":[125,140],"requires":[126],"social":[128],"convention":[129],"similar":[130],"notion":[133],"fair":[136],"wage,":[137],"although":[138],"itself":[141],"determined":[143],"fundamentals":[145],"not":[147],"exogenously":[149],"imposed":[150],"notions":[151],"what":[153],"fair.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"two-sector":[158],"version":[159],"makes":[163],"predictions":[165],"about":[166],"relationships":[168],"between":[169,174],"turnover":[170],"growth":[176],"unemployment.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
