{"id":"https://openalex.org/W183683459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047x.13.2019.2.1230-1250","title":"The Great Disruption: How Machine Intelligence Will Transform the Role of Lawyers in the Delivery of Legal Services","display_name":"The Great Disruption: How Machine Intelligence Will Transform the Role of Lawyers in the Delivery of Legal Services","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W183683459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047x.13.2019.2.1230-1250","mag":"183683459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lawnet.fordham.edu:flr-5007","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol82/iss6/16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196678","display_name":"FLASH - Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship & History (Fordham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","host_organization_name":"Fordham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fordham Law Review","raw_type":"colloquium"},"volume":null,"type":"other","indexed_in":["doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec21edcd0e3e480fa4007139f0aa396d","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088644887","display_name":"John O. McGinnis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John O. McGinnis","raw_affiliation_strings":["#N#Fordham University#N#","Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#Fordham University#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033148237","display_name":"Russell G. Pearce","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell G. Pearce","raw_affiliation_strings":["#N#Fordham University#N#","Fordham University School of Law ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#Fordham University#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fordham University School of Law ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"6","first_page":"3041","last_page":"3066"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-intelligence","display_name":"machine intelligence","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-practice","display_name":"legal practice","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-services","display_name":"legal services","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-law","display_name":"artificial intelligence in law","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-research","display_name":"legal research","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discovery","display_name":"discovery","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-generation","display_name":"document creation","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-analytics","display_name":"predictive analytics","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-justice","display_name":"access to justice","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-ethics","display_name":"legal ethics","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-profession","display_name":"legal profession","score":0.3019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170692843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15987302","display_name":"Legal profession","level":2,"score":0.5975679755210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503263630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3655952","display_name":"Legal ethics","level":2,"score":0.5411481261253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17319257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184","display_name":"Statute","level":2,"score":0.4628663957118988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116200","display_name":"Practice of law","level":3,"score":0.4571549594402313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4563255310058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524211801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865436","display_name":"Legal education","level":2,"score":0.4293908178806305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.41861891746520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3954610824584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.39017945528030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.33325037360191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3218541145324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20616105198860168}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lawnet.fordham.edu:flr-5007","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol82/iss6/16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196678","display_name":"FLASH - Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship & History (Fordham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","host_organization_name":"Fordham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fordham Law Review","raw_type":"colloquium"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec21edcd0e3e480fa4007139f0aa396d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047x.13.2019.2.1230-1250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec21edcd0e3e480fa4007139f0aa396d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Russian Journal of Economics and Law, Vol 13, Iss 2, Pp 1230-1250 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3122915609","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://fordhamlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/Vol_82/No_6/McGinnisPearce_May.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142409771","display_name":"Fordham law review","issn_l":"0015-704X","issn":["0015-704X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316489","host_organization_name":"Fordham University School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316489"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Fordham University School of Law"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fordham law review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec21edcd0e3e480fa4007139f0aa396d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047x.13.2019.2.1230-1250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec21edcd0e3e480fa4007139f0aa396d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Russian Journal of Economics and Law, Vol 13, Iss 2, Pp 1230-1250 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.666700005531311}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559893945","https://openalex.org/W1977109055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347242122","https://openalex.org/W4407926387","https://openalex.org/W4399923077","https://openalex.org/W3047887484","https://openalex.org/W7094406821","https://openalex.org/W2768115550","https://openalex.org/W3136231217","https://openalex.org/W7168294502","https://openalex.org/W2767613032","https://openalex.org/W3034245666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"to":[1,15,21,119,138,152,159,182,191,197,220,232,236,296,312,373],"analyze":[2,22],"the":[3,25,31,43,46,73,160,173,203,211,246,249,252,263,267,318,329,351,357,370,374],"influence":[4,268,375],"of":[5,17,33,36,45,72,76,135,162,177,206,213,255,269,279,283,328,356,376],"machine":[6,77,84,101,163,184,207,270,310,377],"intelligence":[7,78,85,102,185,208,292,311,378],"on":[8,379],"legal":[9,54,60,98,166,199,225,256,275,314,343,380],"practice":[10,130,257,381],"and":[11,28,38,53,106,175,189,216,222,230,234,285,287,301,346,354,365,382],"services.Methods:":[12],"dialectical":[13],"approach":[14],"cognition":[16],"social":[18],"phenomena,":[19],"allowing":[20],"them":[23],"in":[24,30,70,79,86,97,112,131,142,165,172,262,325,362],"historical":[26],"development":[27],"functioning":[29],"context":[32],"a":[34,64,218],"set":[35],"objective":[37],"subjective":[39],"factors,":[40],"which":[41,258],"determined":[42],"choice":[44],"following":[47],"research":[48,358],"methods:":[49],"formal-logical,":[50],"comparative-legal,":[51],"state":[52],"modeling.Results:":[55],"The":[56,334],"market":[57],"for":[58,245],"electronic":[59],"services":[61,121,146,226],"is":[62],"at":[63],"relatively":[65],"early,":[66],"yet":[67],"significant,":[68],"stage":[69],"terms":[71],"disruptive":[74,204],"effect":[75,205],"undermining":[80],"lawyers'":[81,214],"monopoly.":[82,304],"As":[83],"lawyering":[87,164],"develops":[88],"exponentially,":[89],"it":[90,196],"will":[91,103,117,180,209,259],"take":[92],"an":[93,187],"increasingly":[94],"larger":[95],"role":[96],"practice.":[99],"Eventually,":[100],"prove":[104],"faster":[105],"more":[107,228,240],"efficient":[108],"than":[109],"many":[110],"lawyers":[111,300],"providing":[113],"those":[114],"services.":[115,200,383],"Lawyers":[116,179],"continue":[118,181],"provide":[120,145,217],"that":[122,337],"cannot":[123],"be":[124,360],"commoditized":[125],"if":[126],"they":[127],"are":[128,150,342],"superstars,":[129],"highly":[132],"specialized":[133],"areas":[134,254,331,336],"law":[136,174],"subject":[137],"rapid":[139],"change,":[140],"appear":[141],"court,":[143],"or":[144],"where":[147],"human":[148],"relationships":[149],"central":[151],"their":[153,303],"quality.":[154],"Otherwise,":[155],"no":[156],"effective":[157],"barriers":[158],"advance":[161],"practices":[167],"exist":[168],"-":[169],"not":[170],"even":[171,316],"ethics":[176],"lawyering.":[178],"embrace":[183],"as":[186,224],"input":[188],"fail":[190],"prevent":[192],"non-lawyers":[193],"from":[194],"using":[195],"deliver":[198,313],"Ultimately,":[201],"therefore,":[202],"trigger":[210],"end":[212],"monopoly":[215],"benefit":[219],"society":[221],"clients":[223],"become":[227],"transparent":[229],"affordable":[231],"consumers,":[233],"access":[235],"justice":[237],"thereby":[238],"becomes":[239],"widely":[241],"available.":[242],"Scientific":[243],"novelty:":[244],"first":[247],"time,":[248],"authors":[250],"formulate":[251],"five":[253,330],"significantly":[260,297],"change":[261],"nearest":[264],"future":[265],"under":[266],"intelligence:":[271],"(1)":[272],"discovery,":[273,345],"(2)":[274],"search,":[276],"(3)":[277],"generation":[278],"documents,":[280],"(4)":[281],"creation":[282],"briefs":[284],"memoranda,":[286],"(5)":[288],"predictive":[289],"analytics.":[290],"Machine":[291],"has":[293],"already":[294],"begun":[295],"compete":[298],"with":[299],"undermine":[302],"Today,":[305],"sizeable":[306],"financial":[307],"industries":[308],"use":[309],"services,":[315],"though":[317],"most":[319,340],"economically":[320],"significant":[321],"developments":[322],"have":[323,338],"occurred":[324],"only":[326],"three":[327,335],"identified":[332],"above.":[333],"proven":[339],"profitable":[341],"research,":[344],"document":[347],"generation.":[348],"Practical":[349],"significance:":[350],"key":[352],"results":[353],"conclusions":[355],"can":[359],"used":[361],"scientific,":[363],"educational":[364],"law-enforcing":[366],"activities":[367],"when":[368],"considering":[369],"issues":[371],"related":[372]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}