{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1836778564","doi":null,"title":"Apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells and murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells induced by berberine through the activation of caspase-3.","display_name":"Apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells and murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells induced by berberine through the activation of caspase-3.","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1836778564","mag":"1836778564","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16475703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:16475703","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16475703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Anticancer research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111925250","display_name":"Chin Chung Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin-Chung Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112000582","display_name":"Shung Te Kao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shung-Te Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111418103","display_name":"Guang Wei Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang-Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Medical University Taichung"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Medical University Taichung","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113572847","display_name":"Heng-Chien Ho","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng-Chien Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Medical University Taichung"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Medical University Taichung","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087091914","display_name":"Jing\u2010Gung Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7303-2287","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7303-2287"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing-Gung Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological Science and Technology","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3827,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94406796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1A","first_page":"227","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12059","display_name":"Berberine and alkaloids research","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12059","display_name":"Berberine and alkaloids research","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10294","display_name":"Cell death mechanisms and regulation","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12582","display_name":"Flavonoids in Medical Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/berberine","display_name":"berberine","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caspase-3","display_name":"caspase-3","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hl-60-cells","display_name":"HL-60 cells","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wehi-3-cells","display_name":"WEHI-3 cells","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leukemia","display_name":"leukemia","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-oxygen-species","display_name":"reactive oxygen species","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium","display_name":"calcium","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitochondrial-membrane-potential","display_name":"mitochondrial membrane potential","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytochrome-c-release","display_name":"cytochrome c release","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bcl-2","display_name":"Bcl-2","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bax","display_name":"Bax","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/z-vad-fmk","display_name":"z-VAD-fmk","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-fragmentation","display_name":"DNA fragmentation","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytotoxicity","display_name":"cytotoxicity","score":0.9520000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780116568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176525","display_name":"Berberine","level":2,"score":0.8600205183029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190283241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311","display_name":"Apoptosis","level":2,"score":0.7908077836036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29311851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408223","display_name":"Cytochrome c","level":3,"score":0.6824954152107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777527632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238382","display_name":"DAPI","level":3,"score":0.5777210593223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.5638560056686401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81885089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189082","display_name":"Cell culture","level":2,"score":0.5017015933990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43759708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749256","display_name":"DNA fragmentation","level":4,"score":0.49527302384376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12519072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14914370","display_name":"Caspase 3","level":4,"score":0.4762694537639618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.47224920988082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98424977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25805","display_name":"Caspase","level":4,"score":0.46699443459510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553184892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141429","display_name":"Flow cytometry","level":2,"score":0.4643704295158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.450307697057724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.417997270822525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31573885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304484","display_name":"Programmed cell death","level":3,"score":0.40600496530532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.25572681427001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001599","descriptor_name":"Berberine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002118","descriptor_name":"Calcium","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002470","descriptor_name":"Cell Survival","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004789","descriptor_name":"Enzyme Activation","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005456","descriptor_name":"Fluorescent Dyes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007211","descriptor_name":"Indoles","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007425","descriptor_name":"Intracellular Membranes","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007425","descriptor_name":"Intracellular Membranes","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007951","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Myeloid","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007951","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Myeloid","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007951","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Myeloid","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008564","descriptor_name":"Membrane Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008564","descriptor_name":"Membrane Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008928","descriptor_name":"Mitochondria","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008928","descriptor_name":"Mitochondria","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015153","descriptor_name":"Blotting, Western","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015473","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015473","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015473","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017382","descriptor_name":"Reactive Oxygen Species","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018922","descriptor_name":"HL-60 Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019253","descriptor_name":"Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019253","descriptor_name":"Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D045304","descriptor_name":"Cytochromes c","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051025","descriptor_name":"bcl-Associated Death Protein","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051028","descriptor_name":"bcl-2-Associated X Protein","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053148","descriptor_name":"Caspase 3","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061945","descriptor_name":"Caspase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:16475703","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16475703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Anticancer research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:1836778564","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16475703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539145809","https://openalex.org/W1809723326","https://openalex.org/W1909321451","https://openalex.org/W1985901711","https://openalex.org/W1989462532","https://openalex.org/W2005502331","https://openalex.org/W2015603520","https://openalex.org/W2017953786","https://openalex.org/W2017975463","https://openalex.org/W2025810127","https://openalex.org/W2032770280","https://openalex.org/W2036451354","https://openalex.org/W2036478856","https://openalex.org/W2062371411","https://openalex.org/W2067095297","https://openalex.org/W2087450028","https://openalex.org/W2126693973","https://openalex.org/W2130066394","https://openalex.org/W2132737274","https://openalex.org/W2144701362","https://openalex.org/W2147993424","https://openalex.org/W2164613158","https://openalex.org/W2409153736","https://openalex.org/W2441747745"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974277537","https://openalex.org/W2107866746","https://openalex.org/W3031941965","https://openalex.org/W2762994180","https://openalex.org/W2574695051","https://openalex.org/W2146475956","https://openalex.org/W2008313230","https://openalex.org/W36964274","https://openalex.org/W2372714725","https://openalex.org/W2036478856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,43,70],"aim":[1],"of":[2,10,22,45,51,61,102,108,122,136,142,153,162,169,199],"this":[3],"study":[4],"was":[5,117],"to":[6,133],"clarify":[7],"the":[8,20,49,100,106,128,134,140,151,160,197],"mechanisms":[9],"apoptosis,":[11],"cytotoxicity,":[12],"DNA":[13],"damage":[14],"and":[15,27,37,47,59,73,96,104,124,139,155,158,184],"fragmentation,":[16],"as":[17,19],"well":[18],"production":[21],"reactive":[23],"oxygen":[24],"species":[25],"(ROS)":[26],"Ca+2,":[28],"induced":[29,80,94,189],"by":[30,119],"berberine":[31,79,93,149,188],"in":[32,66,82,110,127,164,181,191],"human":[33],"promyelocytic":[34],"leukemia":[35,40],"HL-60":[36,183],"murine":[38],"myelomonocytic":[39],"WEHI-3":[41,185],"cells.":[42,186],"levels":[44,101,121,152,161],"Bcl-2":[46,163],"Bax,":[48],"changes":[50],"mitochondria":[52],"membrane":[53,130],"potential":[54],"(MMP),":[55],"cytochrome":[56,137,156],"c":[57,138,157],"release":[58,135],"activation":[60,171,198],"caspase-3":[62,109,170],"were":[63],"also":[64,90,146],"investigated":[65],"both":[67,83,111,165,182,192],"cell":[68,84,112,166,194],"lines.":[69,167],"flow":[71],"cytometry":[72,88],"DAPI":[74],"staining":[75],"assays":[76],"indicated":[77],"that":[78,92,148],"cytotoxicity":[81],"lines":[85,113,195],"examined.":[86,114],"Flow":[87],"assay":[89],"showed":[91,147],"ROS":[95],"Ca+2":[97,123],"production,":[98],"decreased":[99,159],"MMP":[103],"increased":[105,120,150],"activity":[107],"Berberine-induced":[115],"apoptosis":[116,180,190],"accompanied":[118],"a":[125],"decrease":[126],"mitochondrial":[129],"potential,":[131],"leading":[132],"cleavage":[141],"pro-caspase-3.":[143],"Western":[144],"blotting":[145],"Bax":[154],"Inhibition":[168],"(z-VAD-fmk:":[172],"cell-permeable":[173],"broad-spectrum":[174],"caspase":[175],"inhibitor)":[176],"completely":[177],"blocked":[178],"berberine-induced":[179],"Therefore,":[187],"examined":[193],"through":[196],"caspase-3.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}