{"id":"https://openalex.org/W183677467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1511","title":"Solving the Effectiveness Dilemma: How Can An Informal Network Create Change?","display_name":"Solving the Effectiveness Dilemma: How Can An Informal Network Create Change?","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W183677467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1511","mag":"183677467"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.15453/0191-5096.1511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1511","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1511&context=jssw","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185082372","display_name":"The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare","issn_l":"0191-5096","issn":["0191-5096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315973","host_organization_name":"Western Michigan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315973"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Western Michigan University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Sociology &amp; Social Welfare","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1511&context=jssw","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104652394","display_name":"Robert W. Colman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert W. Colman","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pennsylvania State University, Capitol Campus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pennsylvania State University, Capitol Campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mark Barton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141649380","display_name":"Western Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j198w64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Barton","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pennsylvania State University, Capitol Campus","Western MIchigan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pennsylvania State University, Capitol Campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western MIchigan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02745665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12196","display_name":"Community Health and Development","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11239","display_name":"Social Capital and Networks","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-communication","display_name":"informal communication","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interagency-coordination","display_name":"inter-agency coordination","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-building","display_name":"consensus building","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgroups","display_name":"subgroups","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network-theory","display_name":"social network theory","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-structure","display_name":"network structure","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation","display_name":"innovation","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-welfare-administration","display_name":"social welfare administration","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harrisburg-pennsylvania","display_name":"Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.7983618378639221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6453678607940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777932401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1471594","display_name":"Collective action","level":3,"score":0.4681428074836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187206662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55607920","display_name":"Social dilemma","level":2,"score":0.4675373435020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4496224820613861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3916283845901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35669392347335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3514421284198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.26637107133865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25714045763015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24641361832618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.24415791034698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09786826372146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.15453/0191-5096.1511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1511","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1511&context=jssw","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185082372","display_name":"The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare","issn_l":"0191-5096","issn":["0191-5096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315973","host_organization_name":"Western Michigan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315973"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Western Michigan University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Sociology &amp; Social Welfare","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.wmich.edu:jssw-1511","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol9/iss1/6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196527","display_name":"ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141649380","host_organization_name":"Western Michigan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141649380"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.15453/0191-5096.1511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1511","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1511&context=jssw","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185082372","display_name":"The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare","issn_l":"0191-5096","issn":["0191-5096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315973","host_organization_name":"Western Michigan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315973"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Western Michigan University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Sociology &amp; Social Welfare","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W183677467.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W183677467.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52461558","https://openalex.org/W175123398","https://openalex.org/W184827720","https://openalex.org/W1605181886","https://openalex.org/W1960659850","https://openalex.org/W1980679457","https://openalex.org/W1983705083","https://openalex.org/W1989461033","https://openalex.org/W2090300744","https://openalex.org/W2317670828","https://openalex.org/W2325997516","https://openalex.org/W2328689555","https://openalex.org/W2506184824","https://openalex.org/W2588319177","https://openalex.org/W3036798466","https://openalex.org/W4229775685","https://openalex.org/W4246855059","https://openalex.org/W4247373517","https://openalex.org/W4301267341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2156678617","https://openalex.org/W2020675937","https://openalex.org/W2475782612","https://openalex.org/W4220994352","https://openalex.org/W2773744594","https://openalex.org/W2330203336","https://openalex.org/W3151957693","https://openalex.org/W2347290960","https://openalex.org/W4402520718","https://openalex.org/W2379708135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interagency":[0],"networks":[1,23],"seem":[2],"to":[3,16,66,83],"be":[4,17],"good":[5],"vehicles":[6],"for":[7],"informal":[8,58],"communication":[9],"and":[10,30,35,59,81],"coordination.":[11],"However,":[12],"if":[13],"they":[14],"are":[15],"effective":[18],"in":[19,48,73],"bringing":[20],"about":[21],"innovation,":[22],"must":[24],"develop":[25],"some":[26],"of":[27,32,41,45,87],"the":[28,84],"boundaries":[29],"structure":[31],"a":[33,42,46],"group":[34],"thereby":[36],"lose":[37],"their":[38,74],"informality.":[39],"Examination":[40],"case":[43],"history":[44],"network":[47,55],"Harrisburg,":[49],"Pennsylvania,":[50],"suggests":[51],"one":[52],"alternative:":[53],"A":[54],"can":[56],"remain":[57],"operate":[60],"by":[61],"consensus":[62],"but":[63],"give":[64],"rise":[65],"subgroups":[67],"which":[68],"take":[69],"potentially":[70],"controversial":[71],"action":[72],"own":[75],"names.":[76],"This":[77],"possibility":[78],"is":[79],"explored":[80],"related":[82],"emerging":[85],"theory":[86],"social":[88],"networks.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
