{"id":"https://openalex.org/W18337834","doi":null,"title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: tuberculous meningitis new developments.","display_name":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: tuberculous meningitis new developments.","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W18337834","mag":"18337834","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21608431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:21608431","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21608431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019321578","display_name":"Rocco Galimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8326-0905","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8326-0905"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109879","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera di Valtellina e Valchiavenna","ror":"https://ror.org/017vkhg73","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109879"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R Galimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Local Health Unit of Valtellina and Valchiavenna, Sondalo Hospital, Sondrio, Italy. glrocco@tiscalinet.it"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Local Health Unit of Valtellina and Valchiavenna, Sondalo Hospital, Sondrio, Italy. glrocco@tiscalinet.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109879"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019321578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109879"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5291,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92051365,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"365","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12578","display_name":"Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculous-meningitis","display_name":"tuberculous meningitis","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrapulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"extrapulmonary tuberculosis","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-nervous-system-tuberculosis","display_name":"central nervous system tuberculosis","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculoma","display_name":"tuberculoma","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-tuberculosis","display_name":"spinal tuberculosis","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-associated-tuberculosis","display_name":"HIV-associated tuberculosis","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebrospinal-fluid-analysis","display_name":"cerebrospinal fluid analysis","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pcr-diagnosis","display_name":"PCR diagnosis","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-treatment","display_name":"tuberculosis treatment","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corticosteroids","display_name":"corticosteroids","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"drug-resistant tuberculosis","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-tuberculosis","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-vaccine","display_name":"tuberculosis vaccine","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delayed-diagnosis","display_name":"delayed diagnosis","score":0.3019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8631128072738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.8317281007766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780066322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719444","display_name":"Lumbar puncture","level":3,"score":0.6785426735877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776896556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3854687","display_name":"Tuberculous meningitis","level":3,"score":0.6621896028518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779651940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54196","display_name":"Cerebrospinal fluid","level":2,"score":0.5540899634361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020221152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18553330","display_name":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis","level":4,"score":0.4977262318134308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.49232208728790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.48576095700263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781026528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48143","display_name":"Meningitis","level":2,"score":0.4287392497062683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781319584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7888578","display_name":"Neurosyphilis","level":4,"score":0.42796722054481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.33895397186279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.3318871557712555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777975735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130971","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","level":3,"score":0.3305809497833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.29444533586502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.14059162139892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776983459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41083","display_name":"Syphilis","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000995","descriptor_name":"Antitubercular Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011379","descriptor_name":"Prognosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014390","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Meningeal","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014390","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Meningeal","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014390","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Meningeal","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014390","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Meningeal","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:21608431","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21608431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:18337834","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21608431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67932497"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2315139300","https://openalex.org/W2792391448","https://openalex.org/W4321376537","https://openalex.org/W4220906469","https://openalex.org/W147319720","https://openalex.org/W2128745689","https://openalex.org/W2119390490","https://openalex.org/W2613184428","https://openalex.org/W3159473840","https://openalex.org/W2750050348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tuberculosis":[0,31],"(TB)":[1],"can":[2,12],"involve":[3],"any":[4],"organ":[5],"system":[6],"in":[7,14,23,54,144,163,290,293],"the":[8,24,35,58,74,171,186,196,211,225,231,261,295,303,320,339,345,353,361],"body.":[9],"Extrapulmonary":[10],"involvement":[11],"occur":[13],"isolation":[15],"or":[16,118],"along":[17],"with":[18,28,205,280],"a":[19,43,48,124,153,220,335],"pulmonary":[20],"focus":[21],"as":[22,245,252],"case":[25],"of":[26,39,51,57,73,105,126,156,166,210,260,297,305,308,319,330,341,347,369],"patients":[27,151,292],"disseminated":[29],"tuberculosis.":[30,41],"meningitis":[32],"(TBM)":[33],"is":[34,46,67,88,123,141,168,173,180,183,202,219,228,235,277,299,356,371],"most":[36],"severe":[37],"form":[38],"extrapulmonary":[40,148],"TBM":[42,60,122,216,298,370],"medical":[44],"emergency,":[45],"still":[47],"major":[49],"cause":[50],"serious":[52,336],"illness":[53],"many":[55],"parts":[56],"world.":[59],"remains":[61],"difficult":[62],"to":[63,70,160,198,255,324,338],"diagnose,":[64],"and":[65,80,90,103,129,150,195,208,230,250,273,282,344,367],"it":[66],"usually":[68],"due":[69],"hematogenous":[71],"dissemination":[72],"tubercle":[75],"bacillus.":[76],"The":[77,85,263,328],"exact":[78],"incidence":[79,155],"prevalence":[81],"are":[82,132,247,267,350],"not":[83],"known.":[84],"clinical":[86,188],"spectrum":[87],"broad":[89],"may":[91],"be":[92,287],"non-specific":[93],"making":[94],"early":[95,101,175],"diagnosis":[96,172,296],"difficult.":[97],"Improved":[98],"outcome":[99],"requires":[100],"recognition":[102],"treatment":[104],"these":[106],"conditions.":[107],"Clinical":[108,158],"features":[109],"included":[110],"fever":[111],"for":[112],"more":[113,248],"than":[114],"7":[115],"days,":[116],"headache,":[117],"neck":[119],"stiffness.":[120],"While":[121],"disease":[125],"childhood,":[127],"tuberculomas":[128],"spinal":[130],"tuberculosis":[131,313,326,333],"invariably":[133],"an":[134,309,316],"adult":[135],"manifestation.":[136],"In":[137],"HIV":[138],"infection,":[139],"TB":[140],"often":[142],"atypical":[143],"presentation,":[145],"frequently":[146],"causing":[147],"disease,":[149],"have":[152],"high":[154],"TBM.":[157],"response":[159,197,323],"antituberculous":[161],"therapy":[162,285],"all":[164,291],"forms":[165],"neurotuberculosis":[167],"excellent":[169],"if":[170,217],"made":[174,204],"before":[176],"irreversible":[177],"neurological":[178],"deficit":[179],"established.":[181],"Diagnosis":[182,201],"based":[184,239],"on":[185,240,315],"characteristic":[187],"picture,":[189],"neuroimaging":[190],"abnormalities,":[191],"cerebrospinal":[192,212],"fluid":[193,213],"changes":[194],"anti-tuberculosis":[199,284],"drugs.":[200],"best":[203],"lumbar":[206],"puncture":[207],"examination":[209],"(CSF).":[214],"Suspect":[215],"there":[218],"CSF":[221,226,232],"leucocytosis":[222],"(predominantly":[223],"lymphocytes),":[224],"protein":[227],"raised,":[229],"plasma":[233],"glucose":[234],"<50%.":[236],"Rapid":[237],"techniques":[238],"nucleic":[241],"acid":[242],"amplification":[243],"such":[244],"PCR":[246],"sensitive":[249],"specific":[251,257],"they":[253],"attempt":[254],"detect":[256],"DNA":[258],"sequences":[259],"organism.":[262],"hallmark":[264],"pathological":[265],"processes":[266],"meningeal":[268],"inflammation,":[269],"basal":[270],"exudates,":[271],"vasculitis":[272],"hydrocephalus.":[274],"Treatment":[275],"delay":[276],"strongly":[278],"associated":[279],"death":[281],"empirical":[283],"should":[286],"started":[288],"promptly":[289],"whom":[294],"suspected.":[300],"Corticosteroids":[301],"reduce":[302],"number":[304],"deaths.":[306],"Development":[307],"effective":[310],"vaccine":[311],"against":[312,352],"hinges":[314],"improved":[317],"understanding":[318],"human":[321],"immune":[322,363],"Mycobacterium":[325],"(Mtb).":[327],"emergence":[329],"drug":[331],"resistant":[332,354],"poses":[334],"threat":[337],"control":[340],"this":[342],"pathogen,":[343],"development":[346],"drugs":[348],"that":[349],"active":[351],"strains":[355],"vital.":[357],"Further":[358],"research":[359],"into":[360],"epidemiology,":[362],"mechanisms,":[364],"diagnosis,":[365],"treatment,":[366],"prevention":[368],"urgently":[372],"needed.":[373]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
