{"id":"https://openalex.org/W183359890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9866-7_15","title":"Research Programmes, Empirical Support, and the Duhem Problem: Replies to Criticism","display_name":"Research Programmes, Empirical Support, and the Duhem Problem: Replies to Criticism","publication_year":1978,"publication_date":"1978-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W183359890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9866-7_15","mag":"183359890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9866-7_15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9866-7_15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9866-7_15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764493452","display_name":"Boston studies in the philosophy of science","issn_l":"0068-0346","issn":["0068-0346","2214-7942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053263028","display_name":"Progress and Rationality in Science"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006152934","display_name":"JOHN L. WORRALL","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-3709","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-3709"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Worrall","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Economics, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Economics, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006152934"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09459459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"321","last_page":"338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.9042999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.9042999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.09200000017881393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-program","display_name":"research programs","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"empirical evidence","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methodology-of-scientific-research-programmes","display_name":"methodology of scientific research programmes","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karl-popper","display_name":"Karl Popper","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underdetermination-of-theory-by-evidence","display_name":"underdetermination of theory by evidence","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science-methodology","display_name":"philosophy of science methodology","score":0.3569999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7991579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955","display_name":"Criticism","level":2,"score":0.7722382545471191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6681972742080688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5047534704208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3550906181335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3223322629928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3216811716556549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.29674482345581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1619018316268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1436946988105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12432366609573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9866-7_15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9866-7_15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9866-7_15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764493452","display_name":"Boston studies in the philosophy of science","issn_l":"0068-0346","issn":["0068-0346","2214-7942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W41504163","https://openalex.org/W181696446","https://openalex.org/W2091142006","https://openalex.org/W2107834881","https://openalex.org/W2506109072","https://openalex.org/W75033766","https://openalex.org/W2413946011","https://openalex.org/W2270477789","https://openalex.org/W2006254459","https://openalex.org/W2317626135"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}