{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1829102423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011109015675","title":"Occlusion Models for Natural Images: A Statistical Study of a Scale-Invariant Dead Leaves Model","display_name":"Occlusion Models for Natural Images: A Statistical Study of a Scale-Invariant Dead Leaves Model","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1829102423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011109015675","mag":"1829102423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1011109015675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011109015675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011109015675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3720033","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042904476","display_name":"Ann B. Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ann B. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA","Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.  Ann_Lee@brown.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.  Ann_Lee@brown.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112196549","display_name":"David B. Mumford","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Mumford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083978281","display_name":"Jinggang Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinggang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042904476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"],"apc_list":{"value":4090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":229,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98033524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1-2","first_page":"35","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.6586999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.6586999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.07150000333786011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.05510000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-leaves-model","display_name":"dead leaves model","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-invariance","display_name":"scale invariance","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-image-statistics","display_name":"natural image statistics","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-formation-model","display_name":"image formation model","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135593079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750766","display_name":"Scale invariance","level":2,"score":0.6182525157928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6002357006072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.5587159395217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5522331595420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5387052297592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5338160991668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5185928344726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48533669114112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165216359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670653","display_name":"Marginal distribution","level":3,"score":0.46892672777175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780423554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766198","display_name":"Haar wavelet","level":5,"score":0.4288252294063568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41520702838897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.411818265914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38271084427833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.3303872346878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.1932424008846283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.09263786673545837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1023/a:1011109015675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011109015675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011109015675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.156.6438","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.156.6438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.dam.brown.edu/people/mumford/Papers/DigitizedVisionPapers--forNonCommercialUse/x01a--DeadLeaves-LeeHuang.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.2.6916","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.6916","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.dam.brown.edu/people/mumford/Papers/IJCV01collage.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.681.365","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.681.365","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3720033/Mumford_OcclusionDeadLeaves.pdf?sequence%3D1","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.899.4827","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.899.4827","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3720033/Mumford_OcclusionDeadLeaves.pdf?sequence%3D1","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/3720033","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3720033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/3720033","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3720033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531642634","https://openalex.org/W1593939129","https://openalex.org/W1753871439","https://openalex.org/W1998586300","https://openalex.org/W2017115857","https://openalex.org/W2042755403","https://openalex.org/W2057612871","https://openalex.org/W2063450604","https://openalex.org/W2077887717","https://openalex.org/W2078790577","https://openalex.org/W2097261533","https://openalex.org/W2098800028","https://openalex.org/W2101933716","https://openalex.org/W2113483122","https://openalex.org/W2119938170","https://openalex.org/W2120838001","https://openalex.org/W2124335859","https://openalex.org/W2124731682","https://openalex.org/W2132984323","https://openalex.org/W2139643804","https://openalex.org/W2145012779","https://openalex.org/W2146914716","https://openalex.org/W2149396346","https://openalex.org/W2149925139","https://openalex.org/W2150920547","https://openalex.org/W2161406034","https://openalex.org/W2163936573","https://openalex.org/W2164741953","https://openalex.org/W2167034998","https://openalex.org/W3179299791","https://openalex.org/W4230982142","https://openalex.org/W4388311561","https://openalex.org/W6680389264","https://openalex.org/W6750349569"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099210697","https://openalex.org/W7099430578","https://openalex.org/W2029187933","https://openalex.org/W7097409596","https://openalex.org/W2891647990","https://openalex.org/W2117416225","https://openalex.org/W7099545585","https://openalex.org/W7098549805","https://openalex.org/W4412460730","https://openalex.org/W2089105472"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
