{"id":"https://openalex.org/W182805648","doi":null,"title":"Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor--a review.","display_name":"Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor--a review.","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W182805648","mag":"182805648","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12397675"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:12397675","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12397675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of environmental health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114196361","display_name":"A.S. Bal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170347488","display_name":"National Environmental Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/021r5ns39","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170347488","https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A S Bal","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170347488"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087212155","display_name":"N N Dhagat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N N Dhagat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4356,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81657171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10284","display_name":"Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10284","display_name":"Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10564","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upflow-anaerobic-sludge-blanket","display_name":"upflow anaerobic sludge blanket","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anaerobic-wastewater-treatment","display_name":"anaerobic wastewater treatment","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anaerobic-digestion","display_name":"anaerobic digestion","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anaerobic-degradation","display_name":"anaerobic biodegradation","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anaerobic-metabolism","display_name":"anaerobic metabolism","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methanogenesis","display_name":"methanogenesis","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acidogenesis","display_name":"acidogenesis","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-enzymes","display_name":"extracellular enzymes","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-matter-hydrolysis","display_name":"organic matter hydrolysis","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-wastewater","display_name":"industrial wastewater","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-wastewater","display_name":"domestic wastewater","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anaerobic-reactor-design","display_name":"anaerobic reactor design","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-chain-fatty-acids","display_name":"short-chain fatty acids","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbial-interactions","display_name":"microbial interactions","score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxic-compounds","display_name":"toxic compounds","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-accumulation","display_name":"biomass accumulation","score":0.8790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779261148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5852","display_name":"Blanket","level":2,"score":0.8785330653190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6109599471092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.5907853841781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5140985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483866","display_name":"Anaerobic exercise","level":2,"score":0.5098151564598083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.36300164461135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.33144238591194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15184485912322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14351218938827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.11620044708251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001421","descriptor_name":"Bacteria, Anaerobic","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005160","descriptor_name":"Facility Design and Construction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005374","descriptor_name":"Filtration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012722","descriptor_name":"Sewage","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012722","descriptor_name":"Sewage","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014865","descriptor_name":"Waste Disposal, Fluid","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019149","descriptor_name":"Bioreactors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:12397675","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12397675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of environmental health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:neeri.csircentral.net:175","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://neeri.csircentral.net/175/1/Bal%2C_A_S__-_2001.pdf","pdf_url":"http://neeri.csircentral.net/175/1/Bal%2C_A_S__-_2001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402555","display_name":"IR@NEERI (CSIR-URDIP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66760702","host_organization_name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66760702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:182805648","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12397675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.965499997138977,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.7811999917030334,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2224865555","https://openalex.org/W1719678505","https://openalex.org/W2163569453","https://openalex.org/W2992785819","https://openalex.org/W7095765998","https://openalex.org/W2381499679","https://openalex.org/W1984630720","https://openalex.org/W1501441178","https://openalex.org/W2016080868","https://openalex.org/W41028521"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biological":[0],"treatment":[1,36,85,99,125,236,687,843],"of":[2,14,39,60,66,109,138,193,214,237,240,255,267,276,284,366,376,414,500,505,513,540,546,555,594,602,695,701,711,728,730,744,754,779,837,846,880,899,956,1037,1065,1100,1105,1117,1121,1128,1145,1221,1233,1249,1257,1265,1270,1279,1284,1310,1399,1443],"wastewater":[3,113,171,176,686,1123],"basically":[4],"reduces":[5],"the":[6,40,43,107,127,134,185,194,235,274,282,320,364,389,401,404,412,422,430,446,453,483,503,506,520,528,544,552,556,570,581,598,603,651,726,741,748,752,819,857,878,881,884,901,909,915,922,944,950,954,960,966,970,978,983,998,1002,1013,1016,1019,1035,1038,1056,1098,1103,1118,1141,1146,1152,1170,1176,1179,1192,1222,1225,1234,1247,1275,1302,1320,1323,1347,1361,1385,1396,1400,1406,1412,1420,1424,1429,1441,1444],"pollutant":[7],"concentration":[8,836,1064],"through":[9,1125,1313],"microbial":[10,211],"coagulation":[11],"and":[12,47,58,101,118,141,155,217,243,269,278,294,297,342,357,369,469,485,489,497,638,665,688,805,835,851,927,995,1026,1060,1138,1164,1188,1194,1272,1277,1326,1331,1341,1393,1418,1433],"removal":[13],"non-settleable":[15],"organic":[16,135,258,277,390,423,449,507,1286,1382],"colloidal":[17],"solids.":[18,1067,1227],"Organic":[19],"matter":[20,259,280,1287],"is":[21,30,126,382,409,437,549,565,680,732,875,887,906,919,962,975,1108,1151,1231,1254,1268,1282,1298,1307,1333,1363,1375],"biologically":[22],"stabilized":[23],"so":[24,311],"that":[25,225,576,676,821,1181,1278],"no":[26,1308,1334],"further":[27,333,939],"oxygen":[28,708],"demand":[29],"exerted":[31],"by":[32,305,309,371,429,649,1162,1246,1428],"it.":[33],"The":[34,252,344,373,395,434,474,495,509,561,840,972,1006,1044,1114,1173,1228,1262],"biological":[35,852,957,1066,1260,1280],"requires":[37],"contact":[38,56,61,1021,1304,1390,1415],"biomass":[41,218,731,1101],"with":[42,158,202,462,591,877,969,1219,1237,1294,1322,1349],"substrate.":[44],"Various":[45],"advances":[46],"improvements":[48],"in":[49,55,64,67,116,184,244,281,403,452,479,531,580,587,632,635,669,681,747,807,933,949,1001,1051,1167,1169,1301,1319,1346,1378],"anaerobic":[50,81,205,226,253,377,440,647,678,842,1003,1008,1020,1039,1045,1052,1093,1154,1182,1289,1303,1324],"reactors":[51],"to":[52,96,105,132,204,302,313,334,353,425,472,522,569,605,611,667,739,788,908,921,1034,1082,1136,1175,1366],"achieve":[53],"variations":[54],"time":[57,554,904,912,925,947,1211],"method":[59],"have":[62,86,97,165,181,199,223,620,718],"resulted":[63],"development":[65,1036,1099],"suspended":[68],"growth":[69,72,548,656,721],"systems,":[70],"attached":[71],"or":[73,77,160,317,330,759,783,869,1315],"fixed":[74,1327],"film":[75,1328],"systems":[76,82,180],"combinations":[78],"thereof.":[79],"Although":[80],"for":[83,169,234,249,411,685,773,856,938,1197,1336],"waste":[84,696,850,861,940,1053,1079],"been":[87,166,200,261,609,674],"used":[88,130,490],"since":[89,1055],"late":[90],"19th":[91],"century,":[92],"they":[93,987],"were":[94,102],"considered":[95,997],"limited":[98],"efficiencies":[100],"too":[103],"slow":[104,720,993],"serve":[106],"needs":[108],"a":[110,191,264,384,426,532,538,577,606,719,847,890,1048,1062,1106,1126,1207,1255],"quickly":[111],"expanding":[112],"volume,":[114],"especially":[115,716],"industrialized":[117],"densely":[119],"populated":[120],"areas.":[121],"At":[122,723,1380],"present":[123],"aerobic":[124],"most":[128],"commonly":[129],"process":[131,266,679,823,844,917,1009,1094,1119,1157,1177,1253,1267,1281],"reduce":[133],"pollution":[136],"level":[137],"both":[139],"domestic":[140,170,250],"industrial":[142,175,241],"wastewaters.":[143,251],"Aerobic":[144],"techniques,":[145],"such":[146,290,627,653,831],"as":[147,172,174,190,263,291,312,419,466,491,567,628,654,832,889,965,1300,1318,1345],"activated":[148],"sludge":[149,923,1155,1183,1198,1226,1295,1354,1362,1417],"process,":[150],"trickling":[151],"filters,":[152],"oxidation":[153],"ponds":[154],"aerated":[156],"lagoons,":[157],"more":[159,613,733,1147],"less":[161],"intense":[162],"mixing":[163,1374],"devices,":[164],"successfully":[167],"installed":[168],"well":[173],"treatment.":[177],"Anaerobic":[178,714,1353],"digestion":[179,858,1004],"undergone":[182],"modifications":[183],"last":[186],"two":[187],"decades,":[188],"mainly":[189],"result":[192,586],"energy":[195,493],"crisis.":[196],"Major":[197],"developments":[198,221],"made":[201],"regard":[203],"metabolism,":[206],"physiological":[207],"interactions":[208],"among":[209,826],"different":[210,238,515,541],"species,":[212],"effects":[213],"toxic":[215,838],"compounds":[216,327],"accumulation.":[219],"Recent":[220],"however,":[222],"demonstrated":[224],"processes":[227,1150,1245],"might":[228],"be":[229,487,866,1075,1217],"an":[230,492,677,1109,1435],"economically":[231],"attractive":[232],"alternative":[233],"types":[239,1236],"wastewaters":[242],"(semi-)":[245],"tropical":[246],"areas":[247],"also":[248,963],"degradation":[254,1283],"complex,":[256],"particulate":[257],"has":[260,519,608,672,689,796,1185],"described":[262],"multistep":[265],"series":[268],"parallel":[270],"reactions.":[271],"It":[272,671,1241],"involves":[273],"decomposition":[275],"inorganic":[279],"absence":[283],"molecular":[285],"oxygen.":[286],"Complex":[287],"polymeric":[288],"materials":[289],"polysaccharides,":[292],"proteins,":[293],"lipids":[295],"(fat":[296],"grease)":[298],"are":[299,328,351,392,762,980,992,996,1200,1205],"first":[300,396,1007],"hydrolyzed":[301],"soluble":[303,326],"products":[304],"extracellular":[306],"enzymes,":[307],"secreted":[308],"microorganisms,":[310,715],"facilitate":[314],"their":[315],"transport":[316],"diffusion":[318],"across":[319],"cell":[321],"membrane.":[322],"These":[323],"relatively":[324],"simple,":[325],"fermented":[329],"anaerobically":[331,1083],"oxidized,":[332],"short-chain":[335,345],"fatty":[336,346],"acids,":[337],"alcohols,":[338],"carbon":[339,358,367,463],"dioxide,":[340],"hydrogen,":[341],"ammonia.":[343],"acids":[347,450,458],"(other":[348],"than":[349,614,986],"acetate)":[350],"converted":[352],"acetate,":[354],"hydrogen":[355,467],"gas,":[356],"dioxide.":[359],"Methanogenesis":[360],"finally":[361],"occurs":[362],"from":[363,482,809,982,1015,1224,1243,1274],"reduction":[365],"dioxide":[368,464],"acetate":[370],"hydrogen.":[372],"initial":[374],"stage":[375,387,397,416,564],"degradation,":[378],"i.e.":[379],"acid":[380,562,589,637],"fermentation":[381,418,461,563,572],"essentially":[383],"constant":[385],"BOD":[386],"because":[388],"molecules":[391],"only":[393,524],"rearranged.":[394],"does":[398],"not":[399,1364],"stabilize":[400],"organics":[402,584],"waste.":[405],"However":[406],"this":[407,896,1371],"step":[408],"essential":[410],"initiation":[413],"second":[415,435],"methane":[417,431,441,460,475,501,533,571,712],"it":[420,737,795,874],"converts":[421],"material":[424],"form,":[427],"usable":[428],"producing":[432,534],"bacteria.":[433],"reaction":[436],"initiated":[438],"when":[439,977],"forming":[442],"bacteria":[443,511,619,979,991],"act":[444],"upon":[445],"short":[447],"chain":[448],"produced":[451],"1st":[454],"stage.":[455,573],"Here":[456],"these":[457,1070,1203],"undergo":[459],"acting":[465],"acceptor":[468],"getting":[470],"reduced":[471],"methane.":[473],"formed,":[476],"being":[477,828],"insoluble":[478],"water,":[480],"escapes":[481],"system":[484,535],"can":[486,645,865,988,1058,1216],"tapped":[488],"source.":[494],"production":[496,590,700,1387,1432],"subsequent":[498,592],"escape":[499,968],"causes":[502],"stabilization":[504,697],"material.":[508],"methane-producing":[510],"consist":[512],"several":[514],"groups.":[516,542],"Each":[517],"group":[518],"ability":[521],"ferment":[523],"specific":[525,655],"compounds.":[526],"Therefore,":[527],"bacterial":[529,547],"consortia":[530],"should":[536],"include":[537],"number":[539,743],"When":[543,1202],"rate":[545,775,799,1338],"considered,":[550],"then":[551],"retention":[553,903,911,924,946,1210],"solids":[557,853,910,958,967,1209,1271],"becomes":[558],"important":[559,825],"parameter.":[560],"faster":[566,985],"compared":[568],"This":[574,596,735,764],"means":[575],"sudden":[578],"increase":[579],"easily":[582],"degradable":[583],"will":[585],"increased":[588],"accumulation":[593],"acids.":[595],"inhibits":[597],"methanogenesis":[599],"step.":[600],"Acclimatization":[601],"microorganisms":[604,746],"substrate":[607,662,1392],"reported":[610],"take":[612],"five":[615],"weeks.":[616],"Sufficiently":[617],"acclimated":[618],"shown":[621],"greater":[622],"stability":[623],"towards":[624],"stress-inducing":[625],"events":[626],"hydraulic":[629,902,945],"overloads,":[630],"fluctuations":[631,634],"temperature,":[633,833],"volatile":[636],"ammonia":[639],"concentrations":[640],"etc.":[641],"Several":[642],"environmental":[643,829],"factors":[644,820,830],"affect":[646,822],"digestion,":[648],"altering":[650],"parameters":[652],"rate,":[657,659],"decay":[658],"gas":[660,713,1223,1431],"production,":[661],"utilization,":[663],"start-up":[664],"response":[666],"changes":[668],"input.":[670],"long":[673,801,1072],"recognized":[675],"many":[682],"ways":[683],"ideal":[684],"following":[690],"merits:":[691],"A":[692,698,703],"high":[693,774,1063,1208,1213,1238,1337,1381],"degree":[694],"low":[699,704,797,1085],"excess":[702],"nutrient":[705],"requirements":[706],"No":[707,1291],"requirement":[709],"Production":[710],"methanogens":[717],"rate.":[722],"lower":[724],"HRTs,":[725],"possibility":[727],"washout":[729],"prominent.":[734],"makes":[736],"difficult":[738],"maintain":[740,751,1061],"effective":[742],"useful":[745],"system.":[749],"To":[750],"population":[753,935],"anaerobes,":[755],"large":[756,1078],"reactor":[757,781,848,961,984,1230,1235,1311,1329,1404],"volumes":[758,782],"higher":[760,784,789],"HRTs":[761,785],"required.":[763],"may":[765],"ultimately":[766,786],"provide":[767],"longer":[768,929],"SRTs":[769],"upto":[770],"20":[771],"days":[772],"systems.":[776],"Thus,":[777],"provision":[778],"larger":[780],"lead":[787],"capital":[790],"cost.":[791],"Among":[792],"notable":[793],"disadvantages,":[794],"synthesis/reaction":[798],"hence":[800,928],"start":[802],"up":[803,1124],"periods":[804],"difficulty":[806],"recovery":[808],"upset":[810],"conditions.":[811,1290],"Special":[812],"attention":[813],"is,":[814],"therefore,":[815],"warranted":[816],"towards,":[817],"controlling":[818],"adversely;":[824],"them":[827],"pH":[834],"substances.":[839],"conventional":[841,885,951],"consists":[845,1120],"containing":[849],"(bacteria)":[854],"responsible":[855],"process.":[859,1005,1022,1043,1305],"Concentrated":[860],"(usually":[862],"sewage":[863],"sludge)":[864],"added":[867],"continuously":[868],"periodically":[870],"(semi-batch":[871],"operation),":[872],"where":[873],"mixed":[876,1408],"contents":[879],"reactor.":[882,894,1113,1352,1409,1445],"Theoretically,":[883],"digester":[886],"operated":[888],"once-through,":[891],"completely":[892,1407],"mixed,":[893],"In":[895,1023],"particular":[897],"mode":[898,952],"operation":[900],"(HRT)":[905,948],"equal":[907],"(SRT).":[913],"Basically,":[914],"required":[916,1413],"efficiency":[918],"related":[920],"(SRT),":[926],"SRT":[930,1014],"provided,":[931],"results":[932],"satisfactory":[934],"(by":[936],"reproduction)":[937],"stabilization.":[941],"By":[942,1068],"reducing":[943],"reactor,":[953],"quantity":[955],"within":[959],"decreased":[964],"effluent.":[971],"limiting":[973],"HRT":[974,1017,1214],"reached":[976],"removed":[981],"grow.":[989],"Methanogenic":[990],"growers":[994],"rate-limiting":[999],"component":[1000],"developed,":[1010],"which":[1011,1031,1095,1159],"separated":[1012],"was":[1018,1160,1178],"1963,":[1024],"Young":[1025],"McCarty":[1027],"(1968)":[1028],"began":[1029],"work,":[1030],"eventually":[1032],"led":[1033],"upflow":[1040,1112,1153],"filter":[1041,1046,1057,1314,1325],"(AF)":[1042],"represented":[1047],"significant":[1049],"advance":[1050],"treatment,":[1054],"trap":[1059],"trapping":[1069],"solids,":[1071],"SRT's":[1073],"could":[1074],"obtained":[1076],"at":[1077,1088,1133,1440],"flows,":[1080],"necessary":[1081],"treat":[1084],"strength":[1086],"wastes":[1087],"nominal":[1089],"temperatures":[1090],"economically.":[1091],"Another":[1092],"relies":[1096,1422],"on":[1097,1102,1423,1434],"surfaces":[1104],"media":[1107],"expanded":[1110],"bed":[1111,1127,1351],"primary":[1115],"concept":[1116],"passing":[1122],"inert":[1129],"sand":[1130,1142],"sized":[1131],"particles":[1132],"sufficient":[1134,1389,1414],"velocities":[1135],"fluidize":[1137],"partially":[1139],"expand":[1140],"bed.":[1143],"One":[1144],"interesting":[1148],"new":[1149],"blanket":[1156],"(UASB),":[1158],"developed":[1161],"Lettinga":[1163],"his":[1165],"co-workers":[1166],"Holland":[1168],"early":[1171],"1970's.":[1172],"key":[1174],"discovery":[1180],"inherently":[1184,1355],"superior":[1186],"flocculation":[1187,1199],"settling":[1189,1358],"characteristics,":[1190],"provided":[1191,1360],"physical":[1193,1258,1266],"chemical":[1195],"conditions":[1196,1204],"favorable.":[1201],"met,":[1206],"(at":[1212],"loadings)":[1215],"achieved,":[1218],"separation":[1220,1269],"UASB":[1229,1252,1403],"one":[1232],"loading":[1239,1383],"capacity.":[1240],"differs":[1242],"other":[1244],"simplicity":[1248],"its":[1250],"design.":[1251],"combination":[1256],"&":[1259],"processes.":[1261],"main":[1263],"feature":[1264],"gases":[1273],"liquid":[1276],"decomposable":[1285],"under":[1288],"separate":[1292],"settler":[1293],"return":[1296],"pump":[1297],"required,":[1299],"There":[1306],"loss":[1309],"volume":[1312],"carrier":[1316],"material,":[1317],"case":[1321,1348],"types,":[1330],"there":[1332],"need":[1335],"effluent":[1339],"recirculation":[1340],"concomitant":[1342],"pumping":[1343],"energy,":[1344],"fluidized":[1350],"possesses":[1356],"good":[1357],"properties,":[1359],"exposed":[1365],"heavy":[1367],"mechanical":[1368,1373],"agitation.":[1369],"For":[1370,1410],"reason":[1372],"generally":[1376],"omitted":[1377],"UASB-reactors.":[1379],"rates,":[1384],"biogas":[1386],"guarantees":[1388],"between":[1391,1416],"biomass.":[1394],"Regarding":[1395],"dynamic":[1397],"behaviour":[1398],"water":[1401],"phase":[1402],"approaches":[1405],"achieving":[1411],"wastewater,":[1419],"UASB-system":[1421],"agitation":[1425],"brought":[1426],"about":[1427],"natural":[1430],"even":[1436],"feed":[1437],"inlet":[1438],"distribution":[1439],"bottom":[1442],"(ABSTRACT":[1446],"TRUNCATED)":[1447]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}