{"id":"https://openalex.org/W182425286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02001005","title":"Revisiting Humanitarian Safe Areas for Civilian Protection","display_name":"Revisiting Humanitarian Safe Areas for Civilian Protection","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W182425286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02001005","mag":"182425286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1163/19426720-02001005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02001005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02001005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184421646","display_name":"Global Governance A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations","issn_l":"1075-2846","issn":["1075-2846","1942-6720"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315636","host_organization_name":"Lynne Rienner Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lynne Rienner Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021681852","display_name":"Phil Orchard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4714-3204","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4714-3204"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Phil Orchard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021681852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4991,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95787468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"55","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12752","display_name":"Global Peace and Security Dynamics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12752","display_name":"Global Peace and Security Dynamics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12263","display_name":"Peacebuilding and International Security","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civilian-protection","display_name":"civilian protection","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-atrocities","display_name":"mass atrocities","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsibility-to-protect","display_name":"Responsibility to Protect","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bosnia","display_name":"Bosnia","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rwanda","display_name":"Rwanda","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-intervention","display_name":"non-intervention","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776508615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167524","display_name":"Responsibility to protect","level":3,"score":0.8450360894203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.7117865085601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777095168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143267","display_name":"Humanitarian intervention","level":3,"score":0.6232109665870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6035435199737549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.5891178846359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.5775230526924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5620070099830627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.537132203578949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185436325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"Public international law","level":3,"score":0.49602803587913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776729102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971119","display_name":"Use of force","level":3,"score":0.48486122488975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43126580119132996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3457905948162079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22638100385665894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10917946696281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.08576852083206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1163/19426720-02001005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02001005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02001005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184421646","display_name":"Global Governance A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations","issn_l":"1075-2846","issn":["1075-2846","1942-6720"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315636","host_organization_name":"Lynne Rienner Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lynne Rienner Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.uow.edu.au:lhapapers-4431","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/3416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400510","display_name":"Research Online (University of Wollongong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","host_organization_name":"University of Wollongong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers (Archive)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40042196","https://openalex.org/W247658356","https://openalex.org/W337188446","https://openalex.org/W621203013","https://openalex.org/W1525623474","https://openalex.org/W1537276045","https://openalex.org/W1652252226","https://openalex.org/W1986297417","https://openalex.org/W1993384322","https://openalex.org/W2024964624","https://openalex.org/W2026776291","https://openalex.org/W2052193608","https://openalex.org/W2075087466","https://openalex.org/W2081200751","https://openalex.org/W2083597377","https://openalex.org/W2086570032","https://openalex.org/W2088801482","https://openalex.org/W2102520368","https://openalex.org/W2119545690","https://openalex.org/W2140339224","https://openalex.org/W2288392557","https://openalex.org/W2323486996","https://openalex.org/W2434966861","https://openalex.org/W2505668428","https://openalex.org/W2572854992","https://openalex.org/W3121499377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210703292","https://openalex.org/W585658567","https://openalex.org/W836437982","https://openalex.org/W2289864312","https://openalex.org/W1582344154","https://openalex.org/W4392373898","https://openalex.org/W2361114494","https://openalex.org/W2907698520","https://openalex.org/W2949819451","https://openalex.org/W4285008892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Are":[0],"safe":[1,63,101,140],"areas":[2,22,64,84,102,141],"an":[3],"effective":[4],"option":[5],"to":[6,48,68,159],"protect":[7],"civilian":[8],"populations":[9],"from":[10,24],"mass":[11,49],"atrocities":[12,50],"when":[13],"they":[14,36],"are":[15,37],"targeted":[16,133],"by":[17,134],"their":[18,69,80],"own":[19],"state?":[20],"Safe":[21,83],"disappeared":[23],"the":[25,29,59,93,117,121,151,157],"international":[26],"lexicon":[27],"following":[28],"failures":[30],"in":[31,105,120,126],"Bosnia":[32],"and":[33,138,156],"Rwanda.":[34],"But":[35],"now":[38],"receiving":[39],"a":[40,44,96],"second":[41],"look":[42],"as":[43,104],"way":[45],"of":[46,62,76,90,95,111,153],"responding":[47],"without":[51],"full-scale":[52],"military":[53,98],"intervention.":[54],"This":[55,143],"article":[56],"argues":[57],"that":[58],"earlier":[60],"generation":[61],"failed":[65],"not":[66],"due":[67],"size":[70],"or":[71,92],"cost,":[72],"but":[73,113],"rather":[74],"because":[75],"problems":[77],"inherent":[78,119],"with":[79],"underlying":[81],"logic.":[82],"were":[85,107,130],"based":[86,108],"either":[87],"on":[88,109,116],"logics":[89],"consent":[91],"presence":[94],"credible":[97],"force.":[99],"Hybrid":[100],"(such":[103],"Bosnia)":[106],"neither":[110],"these,":[112],"instead":[114],"relied":[115],"legitimacy":[118],"UN":[122],"Security":[123],"Council.":[124],"Crucially,":[125],"cases":[127],"where":[128],"civilians":[129],"being":[131],"directly":[132],"belligerents,":[135],"both":[136],"hybrid":[137],"consent-based":[139],"collapsed.":[142],"has":[144],"direct":[145],"ramifications":[146],"for":[147],"present":[148],"discussions":[149],"around":[150],"Protection":[152],"Civilians":[154],"agenda":[155],"Responsibility":[158],"Protect":[160],"doctrine.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
