{"id":"https://openalex.org/W182365932","doi":null,"title":"Current treatment approaches to type 2 diabetes mellitus: successes and shortcomings.","display_name":"Current treatment approaches to type 2 diabetes mellitus: successes and shortcomings.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W182365932","mag":"182365932","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12408409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:12408409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12408409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of managed care","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081228251","display_name":"Francis M Collins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francis M Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen City Physicians, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen City Physicians, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081228251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.409,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82127193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"16 Suppl","first_page":"S460","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-cell-dysfunction","display_name":"beta-cell dysfunction","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperglycemia","display_name":"hyperglycemia","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sulfonylureas","display_name":"sulfonylureas","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-secretagogues","display_name":"insulin secretagogues","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biguanides","display_name":"biguanides","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alpha-glucosidase-inhibitors","display_name":"alpha-glucosidase inhibitors","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thiazolidinediones","display_name":"thiazolidinediones","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-therapy","display_name":"insulin therapy","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combination-therapy","display_name":"combination therapy","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-complications","display_name":"cardiovascular complications","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-nutrition-therapy","display_name":"medical nutrition therapy","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise","display_name":"physical activity","score":0.9629999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9645766019821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7769672274589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777391703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470","display_name":"Insulin resistance","level":3,"score":0.7417370080947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.700385332107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778096610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476525","display_name":"Dyslipidemia","level":3,"score":0.6817330121994019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.6722692847251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.5612133741378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778848681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6725716","display_name":"Macrovascular disease","level":4,"score":0.5510334968566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.5483357906341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5009500980377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.42310068011283875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.3775637745857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.35956770181655884}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004035","descriptor_name":"Diet Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006949","descriptor_name":"Hyperlipidemias","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006949","descriptor_name":"Hyperlipidemias","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007333","descriptor_name":"Insulin Resistance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017048","descriptor_name":"Health Care Costs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019468","descriptor_name":"Disease Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:12408409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12408409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of managed care","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:182365932","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12408409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47644979","https://openalex.org/W120815510","https://openalex.org/W1604542334","https://openalex.org/W1975588287","https://openalex.org/W1984513597","https://openalex.org/W1987692887","https://openalex.org/W1992527366","https://openalex.org/W1998791235","https://openalex.org/W2003670762","https://openalex.org/W2014877159","https://openalex.org/W2015503000","https://openalex.org/W2018715171","https://openalex.org/W2023447984","https://openalex.org/W2030580012","https://openalex.org/W2036939737","https://openalex.org/W2044773944","https://openalex.org/W2047070188","https://openalex.org/W2048083913","https://openalex.org/W2056976690","https://openalex.org/W2062078854","https://openalex.org/W2062141355","https://openalex.org/W2069150029","https://openalex.org/W2071716514","https://openalex.org/W2074199206","https://openalex.org/W2088242785","https://openalex.org/W2104113021","https://openalex.org/W2110121134","https://openalex.org/W2115728877","https://openalex.org/W2124095103","https://openalex.org/W2125344994","https://openalex.org/W2130417696","https://openalex.org/W2140603676","https://openalex.org/W2140937253","https://openalex.org/W2146877877","https://openalex.org/W2152086330","https://openalex.org/W2154909966","https://openalex.org/W2159654541","https://openalex.org/W2164597700","https://openalex.org/W2166232000","https://openalex.org/W2166439032","https://openalex.org/W2169421904","https://openalex.org/W2312968642","https://openalex.org/W2320006945","https://openalex.org/W2328529137","https://openalex.org/W2337454357","https://openalex.org/W2769264260","https://openalex.org/W4232978021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979474650","https://openalex.org/W2015546180","https://openalex.org/W2124095103","https://openalex.org/W2417605940","https://openalex.org/W2431637991","https://openalex.org/W2046224702","https://openalex.org/W2419371745","https://openalex.org/W2142842482","https://openalex.org/W2069935741","https://openalex.org/W4300125500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetes":[0,57],"mellitus":[1],"affects":[2],"approximately":[3],"17":[4],"million":[5],"adults":[6],"in":[7,15,173],"the":[8,39,81,163,174,177],"United":[9],"States":[10],"and":[11,20,23,33,55,91,122,130],"has":[12,76],"profound":[13],"implications":[14],"terms":[16],"of":[17,64,100,146,162,166,176],"long-term":[18,82],"microvascular":[19],"macrovascular":[21],"complications":[22,83,156],"their":[24],"associated":[25,51,68,84,157],"costs.":[26],"In":[27],"type":[28,147,167],"2":[29,148,168],"diabetes,":[30,169],"insulin":[31,47,124,137],"resistance":[32,48],"a":[34,62,101],"relative":[35],"beta-cell":[36],"defect":[37],"are":[38,97],"underlying":[40],"pathologic":[41],"problems":[42],"leading":[43],"to":[44,79,109,112],"hyperglycemia.":[45],"Notably,":[46],"is":[49,139,182],"also":[50],"with":[52,69,85,158],"obesity,":[53],"dyslipidemia,":[54],"hypertension.":[56],"can":[58],"be":[59],"defined":[60],"as":[61],"disease":[63],"accelerated":[65],"cardiovascular":[66],"deterioration":[67],"elevated":[70],"blood":[71],"glucose":[72,111],"levels.":[73,114],"Glycemic":[74],"control":[75],"been":[77],"shown":[78],"reduce":[80],"diabetes.":[86],"Although":[87],"medical":[88],"nutrition":[89],"therapy":[90],"appropriately":[92],"prescribed":[93],"increased":[94],"physical":[95],"activity":[96],"important":[98],"components":[99],"diabetes":[102,149],"management":[103],"plan,":[104],"most":[105],"patients":[106],"need":[107],"medication":[108],"lower":[110],"near-normal":[113],"Therapeutic":[115],"options":[116],"for":[117,143],"treating":[118],"hyperglycemia":[119],"include":[120],"sulfonylureas":[121],"other":[123],"secretagogues,":[125],"biguanides,":[126],"alpha-glucosidase":[127],"inhibitors,":[128],"thiazolidinediones,":[129],"insulin.":[131],"An":[132],"antidiabetic":[133],"agent":[134],"that":[135],"improves":[136],"sensitivity":[138],"an":[140],"excellent":[141],"choice":[142],"early":[144,172],"treatment":[145],"because":[150],"it":[151],"may":[152],"delay":[153],"or":[154],"prevent":[155],"this":[159],"disease.":[160],"Because":[161],"progressive":[164],"nature":[165],"aggressive":[170],"intervention":[171],"course":[175],"disease,":[178],"including":[179],"combination":[180],"therapy,":[181],"often":[183],"necessary.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}