{"id":"https://openalex.org/W18161892","doi":null,"title":"VLF Remote Sensing - A new computational model","display_name":"VLF Remote Sensing - A new computational model","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W18161892","mag":"18161892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.64OTAGO_INST:11396518320001891","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/graduate/VLF-Remote-Sensing---A-new/9926478383001891","pdf_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/view/delivery/64OTAGO_INST/12396518310001891/13397040960001891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Masters Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/view/delivery/64OTAGO_INST/12396518310001891/13397040960001891","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109185661","display_name":"Robert J. McCormick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. McCormick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109185661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.5410000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.5410000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.4487000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vlf-waves","display_name":"VLF waves","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionospheric-remote-sensing","display_name":"ionospheric remote sensing","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-ionosphere-waveguide","display_name":"Earth-ionosphere waveguide","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spherical-earth","display_name":"spherical Earth","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-flares","display_name":"solar flares","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-weapons-testing","display_name":"nuclear weapons testing","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-precipitation","display_name":"electron precipitation","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-belts","display_name":"radiation belts","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning-effects","display_name":"lightning effects","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-pulse","display_name":"electromagnetic pulse","score":0.7419999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.821436882019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.814257025718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96513508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4262","display_name":"Radio wave","level":2,"score":0.6400788426399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72524238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1672090","display_name":"Earth\u2013ionosphere waveguide","level":4,"score":0.6283906698226929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.5717607736587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139358767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549933","display_name":"Very low frequency","level":2,"score":0.5269856452941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77203916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916906","display_name":"Schumann resonances","level":3,"score":0.5027065277099609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4526573717594147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69398868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129052","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","level":3,"score":0.4489971697330475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.43553388118743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.4343111217021942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54173289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188533","display_name":"Van Allen radiation belt","level":4,"score":0.4196825623512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3838573694229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37032943964004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33935239911079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.31027525663375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17674307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6063767","display_name":"Ionospheric absorption","level":3,"score":0.29192954301834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24058708548545837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15659835934638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130443932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6915","display_name":"Magnetosphere","level":3,"score":0.09963807463645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.08837208151817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.64OTAGO_INST:11396518320001891","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/graduate/VLF-Remote-Sensing---A-new/9926478383001891","pdf_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/view/delivery/64OTAGO_INST/12396518310001891/13397040960001891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Masters Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ourarchive.otago.ac.nz:10523/452","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10523/452","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10523/452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:18161892","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/10523/452/1/McCormick2010.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.64OTAGO_INST:11396518320001891","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/graduate/VLF-Remote-Sensing---A-new/9926478383001891","pdf_url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/view/delivery/64OTAGO_INST/12396518310001891/13397040960001891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402094","display_name":"Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","host_organization_name":"University of Otago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Masters Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W18161892.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W18161892.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":119,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64599450","https://openalex.org/W243519696","https://openalex.org/W257961481","https://openalex.org/W276997419","https://openalex.org/W573485764","https://openalex.org/W653601667","https://openalex.org/W1479923323","https://openalex.org/W1493529671","https://openalex.org/W1510073733","https://openalex.org/W1523831535","https://openalex.org/W1659972285","https://openalex.org/W1662760466","https://openalex.org/W1672075711","https://openalex.org/W1963916219","https://openalex.org/W1964194171","https://openalex.org/W1964562723","https://openalex.org/W1965067098","https://openalex.org/W1965403530","https://openalex.org/W1971863513","https://openalex.org/W1973307303","https://openalex.org/W1974932011","https://openalex.org/W1975771268","https://openalex.org/W1975933951","https://openalex.org/W1976487265","https://openalex.org/W1976538044","https://openalex.org/W1978236287","https://openalex.org/W1979600234","https://openalex.org/W1986964719","https://openalex.org/W1987342624","https://openalex.org/W1987765026","https://openalex.org/W1991332637","https://openalex.org/W1994885922","https://openalex.org/W1995017260","https://openalex.org/W1996037496","https://openalex.org/W1996586361","https://openalex.org/W1998031675","https://openalex.org/W2001211126","https://openalex.org/W2001517974","https://openalex.org/W2005521960","https://openalex.org/W2009065506","https://openalex.org/W2010726692","https://openalex.org/W2012509092","https://openalex.org/W2014892691","https://openalex.org/W2018520328","https://openalex.org/W2021035969","https://openalex.org/W2023231927","https://openalex.org/W2026164215","https://openalex.org/W2028426013","https://openalex.org/W2030262244","https://openalex.org/W2035046879","https://openalex.org/W2035999914","https://openalex.org/W2037359715","https://openalex.org/W2038418000","https://openalex.org/W2038469367","https://openalex.org/W2042918919","https://openalex.org/W2043404444","https://openalex.org/W2043942307","https://openalex.org/W2045077270","https://openalex.org/W2045192354","https://openalex.org/W2048043275","https://openalex.org/W2056806384","https://openalex.org/W2059754625","https://openalex.org/W2063316936","https://openalex.org/W2065316100","https://openalex.org/W2068802522","https://openalex.org/W2075369501","https://openalex.org/W2075626537","https://openalex.org/W2077889773","https://openalex.org/W2079529223","https://openalex.org/W2081673082","https://openalex.org/W2082320605","https://openalex.org/W2082614736","https://openalex.org/W2082845969","https://openalex.org/W2085102465","https://openalex.org/W2085106927","https://openalex.org/W2086513823","https://openalex.org/W2087477661","https://openalex.org/W2087935439","https://openalex.org/W2087985052","https://openalex.org/W2088330978","https://openalex.org/W2088735342","https://openalex.org/W2090326621","https://openalex.org/W2091458514","https://openalex.org/W2095580684","https://openalex.org/W2096661665","https://openalex.org/W2099736274","https://openalex.org/W2103231465","https://openalex.org/W2103627086","https://openalex.org/W2105615568","https://openalex.org/W2108963537","https://openalex.org/W2109594521","https://openalex.org/W2119039894","https://openalex.org/W2121458664","https://openalex.org/W2124715982","https://openalex.org/W2129518886","https://openalex.org/W2136138757","https://openalex.org/W2137096632","https://openalex.org/W2142094413","https://openalex.org/W2143958339","https://openalex.org/W2153249911","https://openalex.org/W2155837557","https://openalex.org/W2159277449","https://openalex.org/W2162670973","https://openalex.org/W2163672745","https://openalex.org/W2167702097","https://openalex.org/W2170160312","https://openalex.org/W2170281913","https://openalex.org/W2171399338","https://openalex.org/W2172208801","https://openalex.org/W2315031316","https://openalex.org/W2324884652","https://openalex.org/W2330549108","https://openalex.org/W2341602533","https://openalex.org/W2505512884","https://openalex.org/W2581709302","https://openalex.org/W2583613779","https://openalex.org/W2790456167","https://openalex.org/W2917771069","https://openalex.org/W3036967282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406729444","https://openalex.org/W2114183207","https://openalex.org/W1897791437","https://openalex.org/W7096193629","https://openalex.org/W4226506647","https://openalex.org/W7095472134","https://openalex.org/W3007295030","https://openalex.org/W7167027394","https://openalex.org/W2155837557","https://openalex.org/W1966100184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Very":[0],"Low":[1],"Frequency":[2],"(VLF)":[3],"radio":[4,37],"waves":[5],"have":[6],"long":[7],"been":[8,62,215],"used":[9],"as":[10,107,132,134],"a":[11,126,160,205],"tool":[12],"for":[13,165],"longrange":[14],"remote-sensing":[15],"of":[16,24,35,69,75,102,128,169],"the":[17,21,25,30,36,46,50,73,76,93,100,121,166,170,176,191,195,201,218,227],"ionosphere.":[18],"Changes":[19],"in":[20,29,64,159],"electrical":[22],"properties":[23],"ionosphere":[26,51],"cause":[27],"changes":[28,48],"received":[31],"phase":[32],"and":[33,82,89,109,130,172,193,197],"amplitude":[34],"wave.":[38],"Comparing":[39],"experimental":[40],"observations":[41],"with":[42,120,230],"simulations":[43],"based":[44,140],"on":[45,141,152,200],"predicted":[47],"to":[49,54,85,99,156,182,190,235,239],"allows":[52],"us":[53],"understand":[55],"what":[56],"is":[57,117,131,139,180,204],"happening.":[58],"This":[59],"technique":[60],"has":[61,125,214],"successful":[63],"understanding":[65],"many":[66],"different":[67],"types":[68],"ionospheric":[70],"changes,":[71],"from":[72,92],"influence":[74],"Sun,":[77],"including":[78],"day\u2013":[79],"night":[80],"differences":[81],"solar":[83],"flares":[84],"nuclear":[86],"weapons":[87],"tests,":[88],"electron":[90],"precipitation":[91],"Earth\u2019s":[94],"Van":[95],"Allen":[96],"Radiation":[97],"belts":[98],"effects":[101],"lightning":[103],"related":[104],"phenomena":[105],"such":[106],"EMP":[108],"quasi-electrostatic":[110],"heating.":[111],"A":[112],"new":[113],"VLF":[114],"propagation":[115,158,186],"simulation":[116,137,179],"created":[118],"here":[119],"aim":[122],"that":[123],"it":[124],"minimum":[127],"assumptions":[129],"general":[133],"possible.":[135],"The":[136,178],"approach":[138,155],"previous":[142],"work":[143],"by":[144],"Nagano":[145],"et":[146],"al.":[147],"[1975].":[148],"However,":[149],"we":[150],"expand":[151],"their":[153],"basic":[154],"allow":[157],"realistic":[161],"Earthionosphere":[162],"waveguide":[163],"allowing":[164],"spherical":[167],"nature":[168],"Earth":[171],"changing":[173],"conditions":[174],"along":[175],"path.":[177],"able":[181],"reproduce":[183],"some":[184,210],"simple":[185],"situations,":[187],"particularly":[188,229],"close":[189],"transmitter":[192,196,238],"when":[194],"receiver":[198,240],"are":[199],"ground,":[202],"which":[203],"common":[206],"modelling":[207,222],"situation.":[208],"Despite":[209],"shortcomings":[211],"considerable":[212],"progress":[213],"made":[216],"towards":[217],"stated":[219],"goals.":[220],"Useful":[221],"can":[223],"be":[224],"achieved":[225],"using":[226],"simulation,":[228],"short":[231],"range":[232],"(<":[233],"3000":[234],"4000":[236],"km)":[237],"paths":[241],"under":[242],"mostly":[243],"homogenous":[244],"conditions.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-16T18:09:00.828671","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}