{"id":"https://openalex.org/W179442898","doi":null,"title":"An Investigation of How ESL Students Write.","display_name":"An Investigation of How ESL Students Write.","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W179442898","mag":"179442898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:179442898","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED271965.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008961076","display_name":"Ann Raimes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ann Raimes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008961076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esl-writers","display_name":"ESL writers","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-writing","display_name":"second language writing","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/writing-process","display_name":"writing process","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/editing","display_name":"editing","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revision","display_name":"revision","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluency","display_name":"fluency","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proficiency-differences","display_name":"proficiency level differences","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/think-aloud","display_name":"think-aloud","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-english-speakers","display_name":"native English speakers","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-composition","display_name":"college composition","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100207952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7311597","display_name":"Remedial education","level":2,"score":0.7358177304267883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540372491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82622","display_name":"Punctuation","level":2,"score":0.6583284735679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5888027548789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5586524605751038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5510240793228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5116751194000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.49895143508911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.4690333604812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4466029107570648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776397901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24905","display_name":"Verb","level":2,"score":0.4196544587612152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3703412413597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3064711093902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:179442898","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED271965.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154926024","https://openalex.org/W242666965","https://openalex.org/W256302627","https://openalex.org/W357363082","https://openalex.org/W1486109976","https://openalex.org/W1495088837","https://openalex.org/W2019540202","https://openalex.org/W2088528212","https://openalex.org/W2093180567","https://openalex.org/W2145132249","https://openalex.org/W2596369008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974553419","https://openalex.org/W2093180567","https://openalex.org/W2294183245","https://openalex.org/W2937942371","https://openalex.org/W7198403708","https://openalex.org/W3210445156","https://openalex.org/W2596369008","https://openalex.org/W803321347","https://openalex.org/W7098461244","https://openalex.org/W1821121945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"study":[1,38],"is":[2,194],"described":[3],"which":[4],"investigated":[5],"the":[6,40,84,120,122,135,161,183,187,190,215,222],"differences":[7],"between":[8],"English-as-a-second-language":[9],"(ESL)":[10],"writers":[11,14,22,46],"and":[12,15,23,57,87,95,107,131,148,157,197],"native-English-speaking":[13],"examined":[16],"closely":[17],"a":[18,37,53,66],"range":[19],"of":[20,39,43,109,182,189],"ESL":[21,55,123,184,192],"their":[24],"composing":[25,98,105],"processes.":[26],"The":[27,70,76,141,151,174],"procedures":[28],"used":[29,32],"were":[30,49,61,78,177],"those":[31],"by":[33,112,212],"Sondra":[34],"Perl":[35],"in":[36,52,92,205],"composin3":[41],"processes":[42],"unskilled":[44,191],"college":[45],"(1979).":[47],"Subjects":[48],"four":[50,58],"students":[51,71,124,137,153],"remedial":[54],"program":[56],"non-natives":[59],"who":[60],"taking":[62],"or":[63],"had":[64,72],"completed":[65],"freshman":[67],"composition":[68],"course.":[69],"varied":[73],"linguistic":[74],"backgrounds.":[75],"data":[77],"drawn":[79],"from":[80,119,221],"taped":[81],"interviews":[82,102],"about":[83],"students'":[85],"educational":[86],"writing":[88,110],"backgrounds;":[89],"proficiency":[90],"tests":[91],"grammar,":[93],"vocabulary,":[94],"reading;":[96],"think-aloud":[97],"on":[99,146],"two":[100],"topics;":[101],"after":[103],"each":[104],"session;":[106],"assessment":[108],"samples":[111],"trained":[113],"evaluators.":[114],"Some":[115],"common":[116],"patterns":[117],"emerged":[118],"analysis:":[121],"wrote":[125,154],"more":[126,155,159],"than":[127,160],"Perl's":[128],"theorized":[129],"basicwriter":[130],"edited":[132],"less,":[133],"with":[134],"lowest-proficiency":[136],"editing":[138,144],"very":[139,172],"little.":[140],"proficient":[142],"group's":[143],"focused":[145],"punctuation":[147],"verb":[149],"forms.":[150],"non-remedial":[152,166],"fluently":[156],"revised":[158],"others,":[162],"but":[163],"one":[164],"low-proficiency":[165],"student":[167],"was":[168],"found":[169],"to":[170],"write":[171],"well.":[173],"overall":[175],"conclusions":[176],"that":[178,217],"no":[179],"neat":[180],"definition":[181],"writer":[185,193],"emerged,":[186],"profile":[188],"extremely":[195],"complex,":[196],"opportunity":[198],"for":[199],"oral":[200],"rehearsal":[201],"may":[202],"be":[203,219],"valuable":[204],"skill":[206],"development.":[207],"(MSE)":[208],"***********************************************************************":[209],"Reproductions":[210],"supplied":[211],"EDRS":[213],"are":[214],"best":[216],"can":[218],":aide":[220],"original":[223],"document.":[224],"*******w***************************************************************":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}