{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1794065490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.189","title":"Meta\u2010analysis of noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior","display_name":"Meta\u2010analysis of noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1794065490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.189","mag":"1794065490","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jaba.189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125122479","display_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","issn_l":"0021-8855","issn":["0021-8855","1938-3703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004842701","display_name":"David M. Richman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-4589","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-4589"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David M. Richman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058807346","display_name":"Lucy M. Barnard-Brak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-0720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-0720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucy Barnard\u2010Brak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051997593","display_name":"Laura M. Grubb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Grubb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Amanda Bosch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Bosch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077095997","display_name":"Layla Abby","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Layla Abby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004842701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"apc_list":{"value":3470,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3470},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79819277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"1","first_page":"131","last_page":"152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13272","display_name":"Psychological Treatments and Assessments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noncontingent-reinforcement","display_name":"noncontingent reinforcement","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-problems","display_name":"behavioral problems","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule-thinning","display_name":"schedule thinning","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-size","display_name":"effect size","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-case-experimental-design","display_name":"single-case experimental design","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-reduction","display_name":"behavior reduction","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirically-supported-treatments","display_name":"empirically supported treatments","score":0.9010000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.8282324075698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7615634202957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.609389066696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5996257066726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55112680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190549","display_name":"Functional analysis","level":3,"score":0.5667450428009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.532741367816925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4358874559402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.23486340045928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12692904472351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066553","descriptor_name":"Problem Behavior","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001521","descriptor_name":"Behavior Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005108","descriptor_name":"Extinction, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016206","descriptor_name":"Databases, Bibliographic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jaba.189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125122479","display_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","issn_l":"0021-8855","issn":["0021-8855","1938-3703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25754894","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied behavior analysis","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524616492","https://openalex.org/W1564871209","https://openalex.org/W1575586478","https://openalex.org/W1870939480","https://openalex.org/W1964946474","https://openalex.org/W1966121162","https://openalex.org/W1967332924","https://openalex.org/W1971140459","https://openalex.org/W1975489122","https://openalex.org/W1975496531","https://openalex.org/W1976137758","https://openalex.org/W1978971978","https://openalex.org/W1979777152","https://openalex.org/W1982464893","https://openalex.org/W1982663778","https://openalex.org/W1986062464","https://openalex.org/W1987513656","https://openalex.org/W1988642812","https://openalex.org/W1990741564","https://openalex.org/W1993718470","https://openalex.org/W1997218966","https://openalex.org/W2002407995","https://openalex.org/W2002664886","https://openalex.org/W2007182171","https://openalex.org/W2009138332","https://openalex.org/W2013390971","https://openalex.org/W2013489900","https://openalex.org/W2016776381","https://openalex.org/W2019731099","https://openalex.org/W2022750065","https://openalex.org/W2024791500","https://openalex.org/W2032278950","https://openalex.org/W2032865869","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2040675798","https://openalex.org/W2046144817","https://openalex.org/W2048256250","https://openalex.org/W2052444356","https://openalex.org/W2052926592","https://openalex.org/W2053153744","https://openalex.org/W2056791712","https://openalex.org/W2060124042","https://openalex.org/W2061980801","https://openalex.org/W2062832809","https://openalex.org/W2063868548","https://openalex.org/W2065358370","https://openalex.org/W2067678504","https://openalex.org/W2067875751","https://openalex.org/W2068995486","https://openalex.org/W2069397521","https://openalex.org/W2070132841","https://openalex.org/W2072117197","https://openalex.org/W2074997583","https://openalex.org/W2075187696","https://openalex.org/W2081607654","https://openalex.org/W2081625348","https://openalex.org/W2085498417","https://openalex.org/W2089875959","https://openalex.org/W2090765193","https://openalex.org/W2096793304","https://openalex.org/W2097582282","https://openalex.org/W2099240059","https://openalex.org/W2100088573","https://openalex.org/W2102609250","https://openalex.org/W2105789350","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2107236320","https://openalex.org/W2108791224","https://openalex.org/W2114548166","https://openalex.org/W2118037552","https://openalex.org/W2123899263","https://openalex.org/W2125316047","https://openalex.org/W2125481055","https://openalex.org/W2126168479","https://openalex.org/W2128217888","https://openalex.org/W2128959387","https://openalex.org/W2133838294","https://openalex.org/W2139244963","https://openalex.org/W2140948501","https://openalex.org/W2149313460","https://openalex.org/W2152905005","https://openalex.org/W2152928459","https://openalex.org/W2154065590","https://openalex.org/W2155169765","https://openalex.org/W2155437772","https://openalex.org/W2158398445","https://openalex.org/W2158672897","https://openalex.org/W2159921697","https://openalex.org/W2160040129","https://openalex.org/W2165947452","https://openalex.org/W2167491688","https://openalex.org/W2169919202","https://openalex.org/W2324392187","https://openalex.org/W2496925397","https://openalex.org/W2890373521","https://openalex.org/W2948742193","https://openalex.org/W4256607574","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2741532887","https://openalex.org/W1897324195","https://openalex.org/W2586862078","https://openalex.org/W2619551492","https://openalex.org/W7097240455","https://openalex.org/W2165947452","https://openalex.org/W2558465545","https://openalex.org/W2614324974","https://openalex.org/W2019731099","https://openalex.org/W7009387142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"meta-analysis":[1],"of":[2,42,75,94,98,110,144],"noncontingent":[3],"reinforcement":[4],"(NCR)":[5],"outcomes":[6],"was":[7,63],"conducted":[8,50],"using":[9,30],"hierarchical":[10],"linear":[11],"modeling":[12],"(a)":[13],"to":[14,24,38,105,118,131,134,141],"document":[15,39],"the":[16,40,135,142],"effect":[17,26,46,69,95,108],"size":[18,70],"for":[19,28,73],"decreasing":[20],"problem":[21,76],"behavior,":[22,77],"(b)":[23],"compare":[25],"sizes":[27,109],"NCR":[29,62],"functional":[31,78],"reinforcers":[32,79],"and":[33,36,56,87,139],"nonfunctional":[34,85],"reinforcers,":[35,86],"(c)":[37],"influence":[41],"schedule":[43,88],"thinning":[44,89],"on":[45],"size.":[47,96],"Analyses":[48],"were":[49,80],"with":[51,65],"data":[52,101],"from":[53],"55":[54],"studies":[55],"91":[57],"participants.":[58,113],"Results":[59],"indicate":[60],"that":[61,122],"associated":[64],"a":[66,103],"very":[67],"strong":[68],"(d":[71],"=-1.58)":[72],"reduction":[74],"slightly":[81],"more":[82],"effective":[83],"than":[84],"resulted":[90],"in":[91,127],"minor":[92],"degradation":[93],"Meta-analysis":[97],"single-case":[99,128],"design":[100],"provides":[102],"method":[104],"quantitatively":[106],"estimate":[107],"interventions":[111],"across":[112],"Therefore,":[114],"it":[115],"allows":[116],"one":[117],"identify":[119],"important":[120],"variables":[121],"are":[123],"not":[124],"otherwise":[125],"evident":[126],"data,":[129],"helps":[130],"disseminate":[132],"findings":[133],"broader":[136],"scientific":[137],"community,":[138],"contributes":[140],"documentation":[143],"empirically":[145],"supported":[146],"interventions.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}