{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1791010673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2012.718318","title":"The Cocaine Trail: Levamisole-Induced Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis in a Cocaine User","display_name":"The Cocaine Trail: Levamisole-Induced Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis in a Cocaine User","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1791010673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2012.718318","mag":"1791010673","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23327508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08897077.2012.718318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2012.718318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2012.718318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199665586","display_name":"Substance Abuse","issn_l":"0889-7077","issn":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Substance Abuse","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013155098","display_name":"Omar N. Metwally","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2481-3722","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2481-3722"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111446","display_name":"A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01rh00978","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111446","https://openalex.org/I4210114445"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114445","display_name":"Michigan Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01zcpa714","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114445"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Metwally","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Education, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3301 Taubman Center (SPC 5382), 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Education, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210114445"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3301 Taubman Center (SPC 5382), 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111446","https://openalex.org/I4210114445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032943825","display_name":"Massihullah Hamidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5470-6565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5470-6565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174354714","display_name":"Trinity Health Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8eym62","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091468","display_name":"Trinity Health Ann Arbor Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00er56532","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massihullah Hamidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071169412","display_name":"Leilani Townsend","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091468","display_name":"Trinity Health Ann Arbor Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00er56532","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leilani Townsend","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068682723","display_name":"Hasan Abualula","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174354714","display_name":"Trinity Health Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8eym62","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091468","display_name":"Trinity Health Ann Arbor Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00er56532","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Abualula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083277032","display_name":"Anwar Zaitoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-1147","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-1147"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174354714","display_name":"Trinity Health Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8eym62","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091468","display_name":"Trinity Health Ann Arbor Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00er56532","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anwar Zaitoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025512259","display_name":"Thomas Lall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174354714","display_name":"Trinity Health Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8eym62","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091468","display_name":"Trinity Health Ann Arbor Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00er56532","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304269903","https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Lall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174354714","https://openalex.org/I4210091468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81645751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"75","last_page":"77"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10697","display_name":"Vasculitis and related conditions","score":0.42480000853538513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10697","display_name":"Vasculitis and related conditions","score":0.42480000853538513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.2207999974489212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.05779999867081642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levamisole","display_name":"levamisole","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cocaine-adulteration","display_name":"cocaine adulteration","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leukocytoclastic-vasculitis","display_name":"leukocytoclastic vasculitis","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agranulocytosis","display_name":"agranulocytosis","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purpura","display_name":"purpura","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-induced-vasculopathy","display_name":"drug-induced vasculopathy","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cocaine-use","display_name":"cocaine use","score":0.3930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781325985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417097","display_name":"Levamisole","level":2,"score":0.9962612390518188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910735644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613670","display_name":"Leukocytoclastic vasculitis","level":4,"score":0.8581418991088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020194580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41576","display_name":"Cocaine use","level":2,"score":0.7333340048789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7077227830886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776015282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644318","display_name":"Vasculitis","level":3,"score":0.6211446523666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.5816200971603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020689752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844924","display_name":"Illicit drug","level":3,"score":0.5638498663902283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.50600665807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2917247712612152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2248266637325287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.06898361444473267}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004340","descriptor_name":"Drug Contamination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007978","descriptor_name":"Levamisole","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018366","descriptor_name":"Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018366","descriptor_name":"Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019970","descriptor_name":"Cocaine-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08897077.2012.718318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2012.718318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2012.718318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199665586","display_name":"Substance Abuse","issn_l":"0889-7077","issn":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Substance Abuse","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23327508","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23327508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Substance abuse","raw_type":"Case Reports"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Case Report","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/case-report"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538332718","https://openalex.org/W1978479270","https://openalex.org/W1982923345","https://openalex.org/W1983614707","https://openalex.org/W1995211791","https://openalex.org/W2029132309","https://openalex.org/W2048112488","https://openalex.org/W2049805479","https://openalex.org/W2059564805","https://openalex.org/W2150711286","https://openalex.org/W2164855323","https://openalex.org/W2187991326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2756273726","https://openalex.org/W1994567203","https://openalex.org/W3093172437","https://openalex.org/W7095559899","https://openalex.org/W1983614707","https://openalex.org/W2154535284","https://openalex.org/W2049805479","https://openalex.org/W2592990062","https://openalex.org/W1990824459","https://openalex.org/W3012084020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"million":[1],"Americans":[2],"use":[3],"cocaine":[4,12,38],"on":[5],"a":[6,21,62],"regular":[7],"basis.":[8],"Sixty-nine":[9],"percent":[10],"of":[11,30,49,61],"in":[13,41],"the":[14,27,42,59],"United":[15,44],"States":[16],"is":[17],"adulterated":[18,37],"with":[19,36,67],"levamisole,":[20],"veterinary":[22],"antihelminthic":[23],"drug.":[24],"In":[25],"2008,":[26],"first":[28],"cases":[29],"levamisole-induced":[31,73],"agranulocytosis":[32],"and":[33],"vasculopathy":[34],"associated":[35],"were":[39],"reported":[40],"southwestern":[43],"States.":[45],"Since":[46],"then,":[47],"reports":[48],"levamisole-associated":[50],"toxicity":[51],"have":[52],"become":[53],"increasingly":[54],"common.":[55],"The":[56],"authors":[57],"present":[58],"case":[60],"47-year-old":[63],"woman":[64],"from":[65],"Michigan":[66],"purpuric":[68],"lesions":[69],"likely":[70],"secondary":[71],"to":[72],"leukocytoclastic":[74],"vasculitis.":[75]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}