{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1788557488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","title":"Theory of the Avatar","display_name":"Theory of the Avatar","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1788557488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","mag":"1788557488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.385103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034655852","display_name":"Edward Castronova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-5604","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-5604"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward Castronova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, 107 S Indiana Ave, 100 South Woodlawn, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States","\u2021Indiana University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-5604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, 107 S Indiana Ave, 100 South Woodlawn, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021Indiana University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034655852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.4584999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.4584999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.2418999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12942","display_name":"Cultural Studies and Postmodernism","score":0.05220000073313713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avatars","display_name":"avatars","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-worlds","display_name":"virtual worlds","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/choice-models","display_name":"choice models","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-being","display_name":"well-being","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity","display_name":"equity","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficiency","display_name":"efficiency","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rights","display_name":"rights","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freedom-of-movement","display_name":"freedom of movement","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-participation","display_name":"political participation","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-bias","display_name":"information bias","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-economy","display_name":"virtual economy","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-representation","display_name":"self-representation","score":0.5220000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777365542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83090","display_name":"Avatar","level":2,"score":0.9304118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.654584527015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.5633500218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5238226056098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.48056915402412415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.47364795207977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.46013182401657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.45664235949516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4268261790275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3531092405319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35035258531570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2975528836250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.2845531105995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27650564908981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.20259615778923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15753412246704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12293243408203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.385103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ces:ceswps:_863","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp863.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp863.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:1788557488","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID385103_code030306590.pdf?abstractid=385103&mirid=1&type=2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3125417410","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ces:ceswps:_863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/76336","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/76336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.385103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495038747","https://openalex.org/W1506747928","https://openalex.org/W1538426665","https://openalex.org/W1588028872","https://openalex.org/W1589583591","https://openalex.org/W1600265653","https://openalex.org/W1975503357","https://openalex.org/W1979933087","https://openalex.org/W2006982073","https://openalex.org/W2097833600","https://openalex.org/W2118994458","https://openalex.org/W3124374856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115620534","https://openalex.org/W7161505878","https://openalex.org/W1510195127","https://openalex.org/W4313429948","https://openalex.org/W2490446713","https://openalex.org/W4239076764","https://openalex.org/W2281763295","https://openalex.org/W2401897057","https://openalex.org/W2732182889","https://openalex.org/W1970071469"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}