{"id":"https://openalex.org/W178809722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2001.0014","title":"\u201cDirect\u201d and \u201cIndirect\u201d: A Reply to Critics of our Action Theory","display_name":"\u201cDirect\u201d and \u201cIndirect\u201d: A Reply to Critics of our Action Theory","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W178809722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2001.0014","mag":"178809722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/tho.2001.0014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2001.0014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2001.0014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66032519","display_name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","issn_l":"0040-6325","issn":["0040-6325","2473-3725"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323284795","host_organization_name":"Pontifical Faculty of the Immaculate Conception","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323284795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pontifical Faculty of the Immaculate Conception"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107909644","display_name":"JOHN M. FINNIS","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Finnis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036988955","display_name":"Germain G. Grisez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Germain Grisez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049562243","display_name":"Joseph J. Boyle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1223-0191","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1223-0191"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Boyle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.9247,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":172,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99274939,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12862","display_name":"Catholicism and Religious Studies","score":0.5067999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12862","display_name":"Catholicism and Religious Studies","score":0.5067999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.12250000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.1054999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freedom-of-choice","display_name":"freedom of choice","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-judgment","display_name":"moral judgment","score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-good-and-evil","display_name":"moral good and evil","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-subjectivity","display_name":"moral subjectivity","score":0.4020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779407556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1485951","display_name":"Magisterium","level":2,"score":0.5858262777328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5811024904251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.5712387561798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.5063766241073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3663787245750427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.36621999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18849924206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/tho.2001.0014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2001.0014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2001.0014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66032519","display_name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","issn_l":"0040-6325","issn":["0040-6325","2473-3725"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323284795","host_organization_name":"Pontifical Faculty of the Immaculate Conception","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323284795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pontifical Faculty of the Immaculate Conception"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/636817","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/16/article/636817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/FINDAI","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/FINDAI","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/FINDAI","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/FINDAI","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60443733","https://openalex.org/W367845014","https://openalex.org/W612154300","https://openalex.org/W1510023545","https://openalex.org/W1522757823","https://openalex.org/W1564524054","https://openalex.org/W2000488336","https://openalex.org/W2014758564","https://openalex.org/W2040134586","https://openalex.org/W2044276104","https://openalex.org/W2072355180","https://openalex.org/W2086064262","https://openalex.org/W2094543959","https://openalex.org/W2157561857","https://openalex.org/W2316227164","https://openalex.org/W2328045428","https://openalex.org/W2333755783","https://openalex.org/W2335107659","https://openalex.org/W2798472157","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7116986057","https://openalex.org/W2479010784","https://openalex.org/W2504635529","https://openalex.org/W1589452260","https://openalex.org/W4248551644","https://openalex.org/W4250974417","https://openalex.org/W2069446175","https://openalex.org/W7100079286","https://openalex.org/W2485929002","https://openalex.org/W7096686245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,39,259],"Thomist":[1],"65":[2],"(2001):":[3],"1-44":[4],"\"DIRECT\"":[5],"AND":[6],"\"INDIRECT\":":[7],"A":[8,227],"REPLY":[9],"TO":[10],"CRITICS":[11],"OF":[12],"OUR":[13],"ACTION":[14],"THEORY":[15],"jOHNFINNIS":[16],"University":[17],"of":[18,50,130,194,242,244,261,312,360,374,515,531,553,571,590],"Oxford":[19],"Oxford,":[20],"England":[21],"GERMAIN":[22,282],"GRISEZ":[23],"JOSEPH":[24,284],"BOYLE":[25,285],"Mount":[26],"St.":[27,30],"Mary's":[28],"College":[29,32],"Michael's":[31],"Emmitsburg,":[33],"Maryland":[34],"Toronto,":[35],"Ontario,":[36],"Canada":[37],"I":[38],"adjectives":[40,69,594,605],"\"direct\"":[41,120],"and":[42,121,134,142,160,189,198,200,204,232,307,314,358,401,404,430,457,521,540,551,555,569,596,601,603,607,612,618,623,639,649],"\"indirect\"":[43],"have":[44,418,543],"been":[45],"used":[46,71],"in":[47,61,75,96,101,248,292,297,327,366,462,473,485,629,651],"some":[48,103],"documents":[49],"the":[51,81,98,110,161,172,179,240,262,293,381,439,545,548,559,564,566,593,604,616,619,621,624],"Magisterium":[52],"to":[53,58,72,125,128,325,336,388,417,437,451,455,458,487,490,498,512,598,609],"qualify":[54,599,610],"nouns":[55],"that":[56,163,323,518,535,631,663],"refer":[57],"certain":[59,356],"ways":[60,630],"which":[62,76,97,424],"one":[63,153,371,379,425,560],"brings":[64],"about":[65,333,386],"bad":[66,82,111,177],"outcomes.":[67],"Those":[68,167],"are":[70,168,309,321,363,626,676],"distinguish":[73],"cases":[74,95],"an":[77,86,513],"acting":[78,463],"person":[79,495,507,529],"intends":[80],"outcome":[83,112],"either":[84],"as":[85,89,113,138,634],"end":[87],"or":[88,170,176,317,339,352,392,407,470,668],"a":[90,139,268,310,419,477,494,505,516,527],"means":[91],"(\"direct":[92],"abortion\")1":[93],"from":[94],"moral":[99,382,479,538],"agent,":[100],"doing":[102,299],"other,":[104,565],"morally":[105],"upright":[106],"action,":[107],"only":[108],"accepts":[109],"its":[114],"side":[115,140],"effect.":[116],"Rather":[117],"than":[118],"using":[119],"\"indirect,\"":[122],"it":[123,416,435],"seems":[124],"us":[126],"preferable":[127],"speak":[129],"what":[131,135,334,387,414,454],"is":[132,136,239,324,335,415,436,501,519],"intended":[133],"accepted":[137],"effect,2":[141],"we":[143,584,632],"shall":[144],"usually":[145],"do":[146,456,585],"so":[147,298],"here.":[148],"To":[149],"understand":[150,438],"this":[151,237,361,444,588],"distinction,":[152],"should":[154],"begin":[155],"by":[156,185,377,384,390,405,423,526,574,666],"considering":[157],"free":[158,303,345,411,530],"choices":[159,188,320,611],"actions":[162,202,572],"carry":[164],"them":[165,191,206,350,354],"out.":[166,192],"good":[169,175,306,506,528,550,568,595,617,677],"bad-in":[171],"first":[173],"instance":[174],"for":[178,230,421],"human":[180],"persons":[181,195,554,600],"who":[182,290],"shape":[183,205],"themselves":[184],"making":[186,410],"such":[187],"carrying":[190],"Groups":[193],"also":[196,581],"deliberate":[197],"act,":[199],"their":[201,460,465,556],"affect":[203],"too.":[207],"1":[208,278],"See,":[209],"e.g.,":[210],"Catechism":[211],"ofthe":[212],"Catholic":[213,537],"Church":[214],"(hereafter":[215],"CCC)":[216],"2271;":[217],"John":[218],"Paul":[219],"II,":[220],"Evangelium":[221,249],"vitae":[222,250],"(25":[223],"March":[224],"1995)":[225],"62.":[226],"primary":[228],"source":[229],"these":[231,319],"other":[233,400],"recent":[234],"documents,":[235],"on":[236,464,482,558,563],"point,":[238],"set":[241],"statements":[243],"Pius":[245],"XII":[246],"cited":[247],"62":[251],"at":[252],"n.":[253],"66.":[254],"2":[255,279],"See":[256],"Germain":[257],"Grisez,":[258],"Way":[260],"Lord":[263],"Jesus,":[264],"vol.":[265],"2,":[266],"Living":[267],"Christian":[269],"Life":[270],"(Quincy,":[271],"Ill.:":[272],"Franciscan":[273],"Herald":[274],"Press,":[275],"1993),":[276],"473-74.":[277],"JOHN":[280],"FINNIS,":[281],"GRISEZ,":[283],"Of":[286,442,614],"course,":[287,443,615],"each":[288,399],"individual":[289],"participates":[291],"communal":[294],"action":[295,422],"will":[296],"make":[300,344],"his":[301,483,488],"own":[302],"choices.":[304,412],"Moral":[305],"evil":[308,552,570,597,622],"matter":[311],"whether":[313],"how":[315],"fully":[316,330],"deficiently":[318],"reasonable,":[322],"say,":[326],"accord":[328],"with":[329,398,402,636],"reasonable":[331],"judgments":[332],"be":[337,428,447,468,504,524,582],"done":[338,525],"avoided.3":[340],"Before":[341],"children":[342],"can":[343,467,580],"choices,":[346,557,602],"emotional":[347,396],"motivations":[348,359,397],"attract":[349],"to,":[351],"avert":[353],"from,":[355],"possibilities,":[357],"sort":[362],"still":[364],"operative":[365],"one's":[367,395],"adult":[368],"life.":[369],"As":[370],"becomes":[372],"capable":[373],"being":[375],"motivated":[376,429],"reasons,":[378,403],"enters":[380],"domain":[383],"reasoning":[385],"do,":[389],"more":[391,406,469],"less":[393,408,471],"integrating":[394],"reasonably":[409,500],"But":[413],"reason":[420],"might":[426],"thus":[427],"guided":[431],"towards":[432],"choice?":[433],"Essentially,":[434],"intelligible":[440],"con3":[441],"statement":[445],"must":[446],"qualified.":[448],"People's":[449],"capacities":[450],"judge":[452],"correctly":[453],"exercise":[459],"freedom":[461],"judgment":[466],"limited":[472,502],"various":[474],"ways.":[475],"So,":[476],"person's":[478],"quality":[480],"depends":[481],"selfdetermination":[484],"relation":[486],"capacity":[489,497],"act":[491,499,514],"reasonably.":[492],"Thus":[493],"whose":[496],"may":[503],"even":[508,678],"while":[509],"determining":[510],"himself":[511],"kind":[517],"wrong":[520,608],"would":[522],"never":[523],"those":[532],"limitations.":[533],"For":[534,642],"reason,":[536],"theology":[539],"pastoral":[541,640],"practice":[542],"recognized":[544],"difference":[546],"between":[547],"\"subjective\"":[549],"hand,":[561],"and,":[562],"\"objective\"":[567],"measured":[573],"unqualified":[575],"practical":[576],"reasonableness.":[577],"This":[578],"distinction":[579],"marked-though":[583],"not":[586,673],"recommend":[587],"way":[589],"speaking-by":[591],"reserving":[592],"right":[606],"actions.":[613],"right,":[620],"wrong,":[625],"sometimes":[627],"distinguished":[628],"regard":[633],"inconsistent":[635],"sound":[637],"morality":[638],"practice.":[641],"example,":[643],"James":[644],"F.":[645],"Keenan,":[646],"S.J.,":[647],"Goodness":[648],"Rjghtness":[650],"Thomas":[652],"Aquinas's":[653],"\"Summa":[654],"Theologiae\"":[655],"(Washington,":[656],"D.C.:":[657],"Georgetown":[658],"University,":[659],"1992),":[660],"173-174,":[661],"holds":[662],"acts":[664],"commanded":[665],"charity":[667],"\"benevolence\"":[669],"\"are":[670],"good,":[671],"though":[672],"necessarily":[674],"right\"-indeed,":[675],"if...":[679]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
