{"id":"https://openalex.org/W178806646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87177","title":"Lithofacies and depositional environment of the Maraghan Formation, and speculation on the origin of gold in ancient mines, An Najady area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","display_name":"Lithofacies and depositional environment of the Maraghan Formation, and speculation on the origin of gold in ancient mines, An Najady area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W178806646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87177","mag":"178806646"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3133/ofr87177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87177","pdf_url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0177/report.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194219","display_name":"Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World","issn_l":"0196-1497","issn":["0196-1497","2331-1258","2332-4899"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316088","host_organization_name":"United States Department of the Interior","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["United States Department of the Interior"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open-File Report","raw_type":"report-component"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0177/report.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113099036","display_name":"C.A. Wallace","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C.A. Wallace","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113099036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10965","display_name":"Geological formations and processes","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10965","display_name":"Geological formations and processes","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11740","display_name":"Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis","score":0.027899999171495438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13193","display_name":"Geological Studies and Exploration","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithofacies","display_name":"lithofacies","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depositional-environment","display_name":"depositional environment","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-proterozoic","display_name":"Upper Proterozoic","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabian-shield","display_name":"Arabian Shield","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandstone","display_name":"sandstone","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/siltstone","display_name":"siltstone","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shale","display_name":"shale","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dolomite","display_name":"dolomite","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fining-upward-sequences","display_name":"fining-upward sequences","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancient-mines","display_name":"ancient mines","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tectonic-thickening","display_name":"tectonic thickening","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thrust-faults","display_name":"thrust faults","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratigraphy","display_name":"stratigraphy","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facies-changes","display_name":"facies changes","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabian-nubian-shield","display_name":"Arabian-Nubian Shield","score":0.4490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126753816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1994702","display_name":"Sedimentary depositional environment","level":3,"score":0.9012514352798462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47941915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107885","display_name":"Speculation","level":2,"score":0.7771664261817932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6904799938201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.5152783393859863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.4151134788990021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.37473058700561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.34079813957214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1578003466129303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.09083741903305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3133/ofr87177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87177","pdf_url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0177/report.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194219","display_name":"Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World","issn_l":"0196-1497","issn":["0196-1497","2331-1258","2332-4899"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316088","host_organization_name":"United States Department of the Interior","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["United States Department of the Interior"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open-File Report","raw_type":"report-component"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3133/ofr87177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87177","pdf_url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0177/report.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194219","display_name":"Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World","issn_l":"0196-1497","issn":["0196-1497","2331-1258","2332-4899"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316088","host_organization_name":"United States Department of the Interior","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["United States Department of the Interior"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open-File Report","raw_type":"report-component"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W178806646.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W178806646.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4219107","https://openalex.org/W72702470","https://openalex.org/W133063272","https://openalex.org/W148108638","https://openalex.org/W194073010","https://openalex.org/W1575605242","https://openalex.org/W1866543612","https://openalex.org/W1992918921","https://openalex.org/W2023667913","https://openalex.org/W2144284299","https://openalex.org/W2233179309","https://openalex.org/W2245017308","https://openalex.org/W3110917337","https://openalex.org/W4243619965","https://openalex.org/W6601871051","https://openalex.org/W6606953470","https://openalex.org/W6818150595","https://openalex.org/W6836347609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530355886","https://openalex.org/W3185980581","https://openalex.org/W1582299930","https://openalex.org/W2276743331","https://openalex.org/W3132507441","https://openalex.org/W2566792649","https://openalex.org/W7047653358","https://openalex.org/W6960364054","https://openalex.org/W4388041413","https://openalex.org/W2921139455"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,404],"Upper":[1],"Proterozoic":[2],"Maraghan":[3,31,57,353,450,488],"formation":[4,32],"of":[5,18,36,43,55,81,123,126,134,156,171,207,227,258,280,286,315,323,326,349,351,399,420,449,454,461,486],"the":[6,27,56,62,153,157,182,204,208,225,247,272,277,281,313,316,352,377,380,487],"Murdama":[7],"group":[8],"is":[9,33,58,70,108,114,161,180,255,320],"subdivided":[10],"into":[11],"five":[12],"lithofacies":[13,68,90,106,141,159,253,287,400],"units":[14,318],"over":[15],"an":[16,357],"area":[17],"about":[19],"750":[20],"sq":[21],"km":[22],"near":[23,470],"An":[24,408],"Najady,":[25],"in":[26,61,89,97,276,303,340,396,411],"northern":[28],"Arabian":[29],"Shield.The":[30],"composed":[34,256,321],"mainly":[35,257,322,395],"sandstone,":[37,48,163,261,329,331],"siltstone,":[38,82,164,262,332],"shale,":[39,83,119,166],"and":[40,46,49,75,78,84,87,118,128,147,165,174,184,217,263,298,333,335,365,382,402,464,473,482],"lesser":[41,79,121],"amounts":[42,80,122],"limestone,":[44],"dolomite,":[45],"carbonate-cemented":[47],"becomes":[50],"finer":[51],"grained":[52],"upward.The":[53],"base":[54,226],"not":[59],"exposed":[60,66],"study":[63],"area.The":[64],"lowest":[65],"unit,":[67],"A,":[69,107],"dominated":[71,237],"by":[72,116,238,361],"coarse-,":[73],"medium-,":[74],"fine-grained":[76,111,124,162,260,307,330,397,413,479],"sandstone":[77,136,308,341],"interbedded":[85],"limestone":[86,127,173],"dolomite.Beds":[88],"A":[91],"form":[92],"fining-upward":[93,214],"sequences":[94,325],"that":[95,113,198,427,440],"decrease":[96],"maximum":[98],"grain":[99],"size":[100,463],"upward.Lithofacies":[101],"B,":[102],"which":[103,250],"gradationally":[104,251],"overlies":[105,140,252],"dominantly":[109],"a":[110,144,149,176,185,194,412],"sequence":[112],"characterized":[115],"siltstone":[117,297],"with":[120,143],"sandstone.Beds":[125],"dolomite":[129,179,188,336],"are":[130,211,236,266,300,309],"rare;":[131],"some":[132],"zones":[133,170],"medium-grained":[135,240,328],"occur":[137,337,390,410],"locally.Lithofacies":[138],"C":[139,160,242],"B":[142,401],"gradational":[145],"contact":[146],"shows":[148],"west-to-east":[150],"facies":[151,317],"change.In":[152],"western":[154,295],"part":[155,206,279,285],"area,":[158,209],"containing":[167],"locally":[168],"thick":[169,186,232],"brecciated":[172],"dolomite;":[175],"pinkish":[177],"tan":[178],"at":[181,190,224,407],"base,":[183],"gray":[187],"pod":[189],"Jabal":[191],"Rahail":[192],"forms":[193],"local":[195],"carbonate":[196,218,269],"unit":[197],"may":[199,283,374,443],"have":[200,375,444],"been":[201],"tectonically":[202],"thickened.In":[203],"eastern":[205,304],"sandstones":[210],"coarse-and":[212,327],"medium-grained;":[213],"cycles":[215,291],"prevail,":[216],"occurs":[219],"as":[220,231,233,338,344,391],"thin,":[221],"lenticular":[222,345],"beds":[223,265,342],"cyclic":[228],"beds.Locally,":[229],"sections":[230],"10":[234],"m":[235],"coarse-or":[239],"sandstone.Lithofacies":[241],"appears":[243,466],"to":[244,379,434,467],"thicken":[245],"toward":[246],"east.Lithofacies":[248],"D,":[249],"C,":[254],"medium-and":[259,306],"shale.Carbonate-bearing":[264],"rare,":[267],"although":[268],"pods":[270],"along":[271],"bounding":[273],"thrust":[274],"fault":[275],"northwest":[278],"basin":[282],"be":[284,468],"D.":[288,403],"Fining":[289],"upward":[290],"dominate":[292],"clastic":[293],"rocks.In":[294],"exposures":[296,305],"shale":[299,421,448],"dominant,":[301],"but":[302],"more":[310],"common.Lithofacies":[311],"E,":[312],"uppermost":[314],"mapped,":[319],"graded":[324],"shale.Limestone":[334],"cement":[339],"or":[343,477],"concretions.The":[346],"depositional":[347],"environment":[348],"rocks":[350,398,451,485],"Formation":[354],"was":[355],"probably":[356],"extensive":[358],"mudflat":[359,378],"drained":[360],"braided":[362],"channels.Carbonate":[363],"mounds":[364],"possibly":[366],"algal":[367],"reefs":[368],"developed":[369],"between":[370],"distributary":[371],"channels.Barrier":[372],"islands":[373],"bordered":[376],"east":[381],"southeast.I/":[383],"USGS,":[384],"Denver,":[385],"CO":[386],"Ancient":[387],"gold":[388,446,459],"mines":[389],"gold-quartz":[392],"vein":[393],"deposits":[394],"ancient":[405],"workings":[406],"Najady":[409],"zone":[414],"within":[415,478],"Lithofacies":[416],"A.":[417],"Five":[418],"samples":[419],"analyzed":[422],"for":[423,458],"gold,":[424],"contained":[425],"concentrations":[426],"ranged":[428],"from":[429,447],"less":[430],"than":[431],"4":[432],"ppb":[433],"11":[435],"ppb.These":[436],"preliminary":[437],"results":[438],"suggest":[439],"hydrothermal":[441],"fluids":[442],"mobilized":[445],"during":[452],"intrusion":[453],"small":[455],"stocks.The":[456],"potential":[457],"occurrences":[460],"unknown":[462],"concentration":[465],"highest":[469],"silicic":[471],"stocks":[472],"buried":[474],"intrusive":[475],"bodies,":[476],"carbonaceous":[480],"rocks,":[481],"syngenetic":[483],"volcanic":[484],"formation.":[489]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-07T09:17:50.787605","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}