{"id":"https://openalex.org/W17400241","doi":null,"title":"Measuring, Monitoring, and Managing Legal Complexity","display_name":"Measuring, Monitoring, and Managing Legal Complexity","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W17400241","mag":"17400241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:17400241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2697791_code219969.pdf?abstractid=2566535&type=2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2697791_code219969.pdf?abstractid=2566535&type=2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076605687","display_name":"J. B. Ruhl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3866-733X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3866-733X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. B. Ruhl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038615036","display_name":"Daniel Martin Katz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-0320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-0320","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-0339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205023500","display_name":"Chicago Kent College of Law","ror":"https://ror.org/0062tv278","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205023500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford CodeX - The Center for Legal Informatics","Illinois Tech - Chicago Kent College of Law"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-0320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford CodeX - The Center for Legal Informatics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Tech - Chicago Kent College of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307","https://openalex.org/I205023500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13138","display_name":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","score":0.4860999882221222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13138","display_name":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","score":0.4860999882221222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14013","display_name":"Legal Language and Interpretation","score":0.04500000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.0406000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-complexity","display_name":"legal complexity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complexity-science","display_name":"complexity science","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-adaptive-systems","display_name":"complex adaptive systems","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complexity-measures","display_name":"complexity measures","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-complexity","display_name":"tax complexity","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergence","display_name":"emergence","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback","display_name":"feedback","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface-design","display_name":"user interface design","score":0.9819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374244","display_name":"Empirical legal studies","level":3,"score":0.6167879700660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.5821874141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.5586557388305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131330614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779167","display_name":"Legal realism","level":3,"score":0.4798154830932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823","display_name":"Scholarship","level":2,"score":0.47254252433776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.45186901092529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162723807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1911852","display_name":"Legal opinion","level":5,"score":0.4380411207675934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82261069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1925365","display_name":"Yardstick","level":2,"score":0.4285143315792084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4025040566921234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.39167630672454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.34666311740875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33968448638916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149209484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741338","display_name":"Comparative law","level":2,"score":0.15603932738304138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167633797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4922364","display_name":"Black letter law","level":4,"score":0.15009388327598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14443618059158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75011936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4122235","display_name":"Private law","level":3,"score":0.12696141004562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:17400241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2697791_code219969.pdf?abstractid=2566535&type=2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:17400241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2697791_code219969.pdf?abstractid=2566535&type=2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240173630","https://openalex.org/W2894883665","https://openalex.org/W3124687544","https://openalex.org/W2014693728","https://openalex.org/W3094281802","https://openalex.org/W6959684522","https://openalex.org/W4411243411","https://openalex.org/W3027011712","https://openalex.org/W2407595644","https://openalex.org/W4408590296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,38],"American":[1],"legal":[2,73,110,123,158,180,202,222,227,236,259,279,301,319,339,364],"system":[3,340],"is":[4,19,35,46,54,67,182,186],"often":[5],"accused":[6],"of":[7,44,90,103,114,122,157,172,178,201,219,258,300,337,351,368],"being":[8],"\u201ctoo":[9],"complex.\u201d":[10],"For":[11],"example,":[12],"most":[13],"Americans":[14],"believe":[15],"the":[16,32,49,88,109,139,155,169,193,199,241,246,268,338,353],"Tax":[17,33],"Code":[18,34],"too":[20,36,55],"complex.":[21],"But":[22,154],"what":[23,327],"does":[24],"that":[25,41,52,290],"mean,":[26],"and":[27,48,79,105,125,129,146,150,174,216,255,275,311,355,373],"how":[28,70,191,352],"would":[29],"one":[30],"prove":[31],"complex?":[37],"descriptive":[39,104],"claim":[40,51],"an":[42],"element":[43],"law":[45,194],"complex,":[47,56],"normative":[50,106],"it":[53,166],"should":[57,195],"be":[58,205,294],"empirically":[59],"testable":[60],"hypotheses,":[61],"yet":[62],"in":[63,163,221,235,323],"fact":[64],"very":[65],"little":[66],"known":[68,95],"about":[69,108,176],"to":[71,77,86,99,168,207,251,267,287,296,362],"measure":[72,297],"complexity,":[74,302],"much":[75],"less":[76],"monitor":[78],"manage":[80,363],"it.":[81,133],"Legal":[82,134,330],"scholars":[83,135],"have":[84,137,291],"begun":[85],"employ":[87],"science":[89,250,286],"complex":[91,192],"adaptive":[92],"systems,":[93],"also":[94],"as":[96],"complexity":[97,124,159,181,203,220,228,249,285,320,365],"science,":[98],"probe":[100],"these":[101],"kinds":[102],"questions":[107],"system.":[111],"This":[112,224],"body":[113],"work":[115,208],"has":[116],"focused":[117],"primarily":[118],"on":[119],"developing":[120,143],"theories":[121,257],"positing":[126],"reasons":[127],"for,":[128],"ways":[130,177],"of,":[131],"managing":[132,179],"thus":[136],"skipped":[138],"hard":[140],"part":[141],"\u2014":[142,332],"quantitative":[144],"metrics":[145,274,304],"methods":[147,276,289,316],"for":[148,189,214,277,305,317],"measuring":[149],"monitoring":[151,318,356],"law\u2019s":[152],"complexity.":[153,260,280],"theory":[156,164,200],"will":[160],"remain":[161],"stuck":[162],"until":[165],"moves":[167],"empirical":[170,212,269],"phase":[171],"study,":[173],"thinking":[175],"pointless":[183],"if":[184],"there":[185],"no":[187],"yardstick":[188],"deciding":[190],"be.":[196],"In":[197],"short,":[198],"cannot":[204],"put":[206],"without":[209],"more":[210],"robust":[211],"tools":[213],"identifying":[215,271],"keeping":[217],"track":[218],"systems.":[223],"Article":[225],"explores":[226],"at":[229,342],"a":[230,333,348],"depth":[231],"not":[232],"previously":[233],"undertaken":[234],"scholarship.":[237],"Part":[238,281,313,344],"I":[239],"orients":[240],"discussion":[242],"by":[243,325],"briefly":[244],"reviewing":[245],"scholarship":[247],"using":[248],"develop":[252,288],"descriptive,":[253],"prescriptive,":[254],"ethical":[256],"Parts":[261],"II":[262,282],"through":[263,366],"IV":[264,345],"then":[265],"shift":[266],"front,":[270],"potentially":[272],"useful":[273],"studying":[278],"draws":[283],"from":[284],"or":[292],"might":[293],"applied":[295],"different":[298],"features":[299],"including":[303],"agents,":[306],"trees,":[307],"networks,":[308],"computation,":[309],"feedback,":[310],"emergence.":[312],"III":[314],"proposes":[315],"over":[321],"time,":[322],"particular":[324],"conceptualizing":[326],"we":[328],"call":[329],"Maps":[331],"multi-layered,":[334],"active":[335],"representation":[336],"network":[341],"work.":[343],"concludes":[346],"with":[347],"preliminary":[349],"examination":[350],"measurement":[354],"techniques":[357],"could":[358],"inform":[359],"interventions":[360],"designed":[361],"use":[367],"currently":[369],"available":[370],"machine":[371],"learning":[372],"user":[374],"interface":[375],"design":[376],"technologies.":[377]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}