{"id":"https://openalex.org/W17212061","doi":null,"title":"What Makes a Difference? School Context, Principal Leadership, and Student Achievement.","display_name":"What Makes a Difference? School Context, Principal Leadership, and Student Achievement.","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W17212061","mag":"17212061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:17212061","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED308578","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016659824","display_name":"Philip Hallinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5935-7544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5935-7544"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip Hallinger","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5935-7544","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016659824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5392,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97922457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":0.18860000371932983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.06270000338554382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-context","display_name":"school context","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-leadership","display_name":"principal leadership","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-improvement","display_name":"school improvement","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-leadership","display_name":"educational leadership","score":0.7710000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.6511347889900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6342206001281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.6023396253585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986206625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185","display_name":"Student achievement","level":3,"score":0.5298730134963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111366508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341291","display_name":"Educational leadership","level":2,"score":0.4871935248374939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.470040500164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.4031016528606415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.39513829350471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36602234840393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35408490896224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3306381404399872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2737586498260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13319793343544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:17212061","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED308578","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W202059485","https://openalex.org/W208916439","https://openalex.org/W362876912","https://openalex.org/W1965207717","https://openalex.org/W1970152625","https://openalex.org/W1986534768","https://openalex.org/W2009690620","https://openalex.org/W2046387409","https://openalex.org/W2081559024","https://openalex.org/W2101946235","https://openalex.org/W2112096807","https://openalex.org/W2124395890","https://openalex.org/W2125680459","https://openalex.org/W2131918969","https://openalex.org/W2144726139","https://openalex.org/W2158391511","https://openalex.org/W2172239012","https://openalex.org/W2332607303","https://openalex.org/W2335126140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731405426","https://openalex.org/W1907855292","https://openalex.org/W2728466835","https://openalex.org/W3101912688","https://openalex.org/W180516282","https://openalex.org/W2256152771","https://openalex.org/W2333702013","https://openalex.org/W2782312286","https://openalex.org/W2010135651","https://openalex.org/W2244989352"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}