{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1712876258","doi":null,"title":"Alcoholism: the role of different motivational systems.","display_name":"Alcoholism: the role of different motivational systems.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1712876258","mag":"1712876258","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8527424","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1188721"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1188721","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1188721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Psychiatry Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1188721","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083234375","display_name":"Robert O. Pihl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R O Pihl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040623960","display_name":"Jordan B. Peterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3015-6896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3015-6896"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J B Peterson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8602,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89291541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"5","first_page":"372","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.5776000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.5776000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.413100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11207","display_name":"Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcoholism","display_name":"alcoholism","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcohol-consumption","display_name":"alcohol consumption","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-abuse","display_name":"drug abuse","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivational-systems","display_name":"motivation system","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sons-of-alcoholics","display_name":"sons of alcoholics","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety-sensitivity","display_name":"anxiety sensitivity","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-response","display_name":"threat response","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-individual-variability","display_name":"interindividual variability","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-abuse-prevention","display_name":"substance use prevention","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment","display_name":"treatment","score":0.44200000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780557958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211036","display_name":"Stimulant","level":2,"score":0.650341272354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.5866655111312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5734304189682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777765862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62903","display_name":"Anxiolytic","level":3,"score":0.5429441928863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5084532499313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.505214273929596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5009684562683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780931562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7331102","display_name":"Alcohol abuse","level":2,"score":0.48581624031066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40010229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3184856","display_name":"Substance abuse","level":2,"score":0.4797819256782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164953862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256440","display_name":"Psychomotor learning","level":3,"score":0.41648581624031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018481051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3184856","display_name":"Drugs of abuse","level":3,"score":0.41305652260780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.4015072286128998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.38515740633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3455343246459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000437","descriptor_name":"Alcoholism","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000437","descriptor_name":"Alcoholism","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000437","descriptor_name":"Alcoholism","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001007","descriptor_name":"Anxiety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011678","descriptor_name":"Punishment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1188721","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1188721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Psychiatry Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:8527424","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8527424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:1712876258","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8527424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1188721","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1188721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Psychiatry Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":165,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7481208","https://openalex.org/W46837939","https://openalex.org/W86287375","https://openalex.org/W156199230","https://openalex.org/W160982706","https://openalex.org/W177581319","https://openalex.org/W223544214","https://openalex.org/W285967826","https://openalex.org/W793331764","https://openalex.org/W1487015583","https://openalex.org/W1500883398","https://openalex.org/W1522318572","https://openalex.org/W1532346573","https://openalex.org/W1587258812","https://openalex.org/W1607171655","https://openalex.org/W1709742262","https://openalex.org/W1720881856","https://openalex.org/W1805213961","https://openalex.org/W1808308480","https://openalex.org/W1836384072","https://openalex.org/W1927204052","https://openalex.org/W1964357729","https://openalex.org/W1964914962","https://openalex.org/W1969763801","https://openalex.org/W1970344711","https://openalex.org/W1970541082","https://openalex.org/W1971464615","https://openalex.org/W1972726498","https://openalex.org/W1975308148","https://openalex.org/W1976165599","https://openalex.org/W1976844624","https://openalex.org/W1977188405","https://openalex.org/W1977436056","https://openalex.org/W1982564808","https://openalex.org/W1982995874","https://openalex.org/W1983513632","https://openalex.org/W1983955342","https://openalex.org/W1984470666","https://openalex.org/W1985349171","https://openalex.org/W1985708559","https://openalex.org/W1987562848","https://openalex.org/W1990530036","https://openalex.org/W1994059964","https://openalex.org/W1995237618","https://openalex.org/W1995368779","https://openalex.org/W1996970619","https://openalex.org/W2001966367","https://openalex.org/W2002015575","https://openalex.org/W2004422480","https://openalex.org/W2004687357","https://openalex.org/W2004762776","https://openalex.org/W2004984114","https://openalex.org/W2005956227","https://openalex.org/W2007126717","https://openalex.org/W2008439054","https://openalex.org/W2009829899","https://openalex.org/W2009856101","https://openalex.org/W2010113700","https://openalex.org/W2011721428","https://openalex.org/W2014056995","https://openalex.org/W2014445850","https://openalex.org/W2018544235","https://openalex.org/W2019336568","https://openalex.org/W2022109686","https://openalex.org/W2024062859","https://openalex.org/W2025331966","https://openalex.org/W2026274476","https://openalex.org/W2026973887","https://openalex.org/W2027256318","https://openalex.org/W2028226906","https://openalex.org/W2028747026","https://openalex.org/W2030039904","https://openalex.org/W2035369365","https://openalex.org/W2038805250","https://openalex.org/W2039215581","https://openalex.org/W2039237410","https://openalex.org/W2039544897","https://openalex.org/W2040904085","https://openalex.org/W2041082741","https://openalex.org/W2041086676","https://openalex.org/W2041197436","https://openalex.org/W2041247164","https://openalex.org/W2042144777","https://openalex.org/W2047108558","https://openalex.org/W2047709543","https://openalex.org/W2048280165","https://openalex.org/W2054272209","https://openalex.org/W2055691150","https://openalex.org/W2055943579","https://openalex.org/W2056971179","https://openalex.org/W2061161259","https://openalex.org/W2061344417","https://openalex.org/W2061506859","https://openalex.org/W2061707789","https://openalex.org/W2063003108","https://openalex.org/W2063776958","https://openalex.org/W2064132586","https://openalex.org/W2068007070","https://openalex.org/W2068147284","https://openalex.org/W2071805163","https://openalex.org/W2072176522","https://openalex.org/W2072508645","https://openalex.org/W2073537077","https://openalex.org/W2076258469","https://openalex.org/W2076981513","https://openalex.org/W2078143204","https://openalex.org/W2079727820","https://openalex.org/W2083279323","https://openalex.org/W2084785057","https://openalex.org/W2084917270","https://openalex.org/W2088226858","https://openalex.org/W2088829922","https://openalex.org/W2090640769","https://openalex.org/W2091169166","https://openalex.org/W2091383986","https://openalex.org/W2092051580","https://openalex.org/W2093404642","https://openalex.org/W2093438640","https://openalex.org/W2093559862","https://openalex.org/W2093841178","https://openalex.org/W2094379897","https://openalex.org/W2100513402","https://openalex.org/W2103868573","https://openalex.org/W2104538950","https://openalex.org/W2104969237","https://openalex.org/W2108873037","https://openalex.org/W2114159014","https://openalex.org/W2115337168","https://openalex.org/W2119935858","https://openalex.org/W2121477985","https://openalex.org/W2122592499","https://openalex.org/W2125178862","https://openalex.org/W2125462960","https://openalex.org/W2131066141","https://openalex.org/W2131194062","https://openalex.org/W2131411839","https://openalex.org/W2134494498","https://openalex.org/W2138576152","https://openalex.org/W2139639291","https://openalex.org/W2143260481","https://openalex.org/W2144005934","https://openalex.org/W2144456014","https://openalex.org/W2148747531","https://openalex.org/W2151845878","https://openalex.org/W2155090722","https://openalex.org/W2157455276","https://openalex.org/W2158197903","https://openalex.org/W2159061031","https://openalex.org/W2162925069","https://openalex.org/W2164598338","https://openalex.org/W2166104912","https://openalex.org/W2249634924","https://openalex.org/W2255760922","https://openalex.org/W2409794185","https://openalex.org/W2412109057","https://openalex.org/W2438462460","https://openalex.org/W2439796484","https://openalex.org/W2487476102","https://openalex.org/W2614998205","https://openalex.org/W2798525676","https://openalex.org/W2894865365","https://openalex.org/W2904993784","https://openalex.org/W3151992736","https://openalex.org/W4211003013","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7033123604","https://openalex.org/W2091235617","https://openalex.org/W2080245770","https://openalex.org/W2397855647","https://openalex.org/W2107611116","https://openalex.org/W2027236472","https://openalex.org/W2620109561","https://openalex.org/W2244324804","https://openalex.org/W2001505545","https://openalex.org/W7097394368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Individuals":[0],"use":[1,73],"and":[2,30,48,50,69,74,130,173],"misuse":[3],"alcohol":[4,120,123,146],"(and":[5],"other":[6,152],"drugs)":[7],"because":[8,122,131],"of":[9,20,42,54,61,71,77,90,100,107,119,155,161,169],"the":[10,18,59,117,167],"pharmacologically":[11],"mediated":[12],"effects":[13],"these":[14,62],"substances":[15],"have":[16,36],"on":[17],"operation":[19,60],"4":[21,34],"psychobiological":[22],"systems,":[23],"mediating":[24],"response":[25,127],"to":[26,52,67,111,128,135,145,166],"motivationally":[27],"relevant":[28],"unconditioned":[29],"conditioned":[31],"stimuli.":[32],"These":[33],"systems":[35,63],"unique":[37],"neuroanatomical":[38],"structure,":[39],"biochemical":[40],"modes":[41],"operation,":[43],"association":[44],"with":[45,103],"affect,":[46],"behavior":[47],"cognition,":[49],"responsiveness":[51],"drugs":[53],"abuse.":[55,75,97],"Individual":[56],"variation":[57,79],"in":[58,81,86],"determines":[64],"individual":[65],"susceptibility":[66],"initiation":[68],"maintenance":[70],"drug":[72,96],"Sources":[76],"such":[78,162],"differ,":[80],"a":[82],"vitally":[83],"important":[84,153],"fashion,":[85],"various":[87],"specific":[88],"populations":[89],"individuals":[91,141],"at":[92,113],"heightened":[93,114,126],"risk":[94,115],"for":[95,116,147],"Nonalcoholic":[98],"sons":[99],"male":[101,108],"alcoholics,":[102],"multigenerational":[104],"family":[105],"histories":[106],"alcoholism,":[109],"appear":[110,143],"be":[112],"development":[118,168],"abuse":[121],"eliminates":[124],"their":[125],"threat,":[129],"they":[132],"are":[133],"hypersensitive":[134],"ethanol's":[136],"psychomotor":[137],"stimulant":[138],"effects.":[139],"Anxiety-sensitive":[140],"also":[142],"attracted":[144],"its":[148],"anxiolytic":[149],"properties.":[150],"Many":[151],"sources":[154,163],"idiosyncratic":[156],"variability":[157],"exist.":[158],"Detailed":[159],"analysis":[160],"may":[164],"lead":[165],"more":[170],"effective":[171],"prevention":[172],"treatment":[174],"programs.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}