{"id":"https://openalex.org/W168691008","doi":null,"title":"Social Structure And Marketplace Formation Within California Biotechnology","display_name":"Social Structure And Marketplace Formation Within California Biotechnology","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W168691008","mag":"168691008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:isapapers.pitt.edu:74","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://isapapers.pitt.edu/74/1/2009%2D02_Casper.pdf","pdf_url":"http://isapapers.pitt.edu/74/1/2009%2D02_Casper.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400537","display_name":"Industry Studies Working Papers (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Industry Studies Working Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"other","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://isapapers.pitt.edu/74/1/2009%2D02_Casper.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089813596","display_name":"Steven Casper","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven Casper","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089813596"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.3379000127315521,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.3379000127315521,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.31369999051094055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14293","display_name":"Biotechnology and Related Fields","score":0.14749999344348907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biotechnology-industry","display_name":"biotechnology industry","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-structure","display_name":"social structure","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-clusters","display_name":"technology clusters","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-networks","display_name":"social networks","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-economic-development","display_name":"regional economic development","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-valley","display_name":"Silicon Valley","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/san-francisco","display_name":"San Francisco","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/los-angeles","display_name":"Los Angeles","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/san-diego","display_name":"San Diego","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amgen","display_name":"Amgen","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-offs","display_name":"spin-offs","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california","display_name":"California","score":0.492000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984737752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163820","display_name":"Silicon valley","level":3,"score":0.5558267831802368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178895491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211606","display_name":"Social structure","level":3,"score":0.4545322060585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.41181665658950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36757639050483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3595121502876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.33707207441329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.2185603678226471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16906407475471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1350315511226654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:isapapers.pitt.edu:74","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://isapapers.pitt.edu/74/1/2009%2D02_Casper.pdf","pdf_url":"http://isapapers.pitt.edu/74/1/2009%2D02_Casper.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400537","display_name":"Industry Studies Working Papers (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Industry Studies Working Paper"},{"id":"mag:168691008","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://isapapers.pitt.edu/74/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:isapapers.pitt.edu:74","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://isapapers.pitt.edu/74/1/2009%2D02_Casper.pdf","pdf_url":"http://isapapers.pitt.edu/74/1/2009%2D02_Casper.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400537","display_name":"Industry Studies Working Papers (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Industry Studies Working Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.651199996471405,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W168691008.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W168691008.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13833885","https://openalex.org/W19747457","https://openalex.org/W21131504","https://openalex.org/W216579820","https://openalex.org/W269890728","https://openalex.org/W586687294","https://openalex.org/W1569280907","https://openalex.org/W1575271368","https://openalex.org/W1963865336","https://openalex.org/W1966180358","https://openalex.org/W1973459906","https://openalex.org/W1979457684","https://openalex.org/W2011088550","https://openalex.org/W2015320025","https://openalex.org/W2037337258","https://openalex.org/W2055052606","https://openalex.org/W2058047543","https://openalex.org/W2060971037","https://openalex.org/W2064092237","https://openalex.org/W2073506374","https://openalex.org/W2109469951","https://openalex.org/W2121097438","https://openalex.org/W2121376676","https://openalex.org/W2136968651","https://openalex.org/W2143585157","https://openalex.org/W2154325204","https://openalex.org/W2154377002","https://openalex.org/W2330025279","https://openalex.org/W2798340171","https://openalex.org/W2802019512","https://openalex.org/W3121527737","https://openalex.org/W3121694862","https://openalex.org/W3123010256","https://openalex.org/W3125487391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099586297","https://openalex.org/W2121097438","https://openalex.org/W4388400104","https://openalex.org/W4229805219","https://openalex.org/W2346795267","https://openalex.org/W6903714491","https://openalex.org/W2350489745","https://openalex.org/W7028969342","https://openalex.org/W4255549867","https://openalex.org/W2607252669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"studies":[1],"link":[2],"the":[3,18,27,35,51,78,112,115,123,140,143,155,172,196,213,221,231],"performance":[4],"of":[5,17,20,37,53,61,80,146,157,215,234],"regional":[6],"technology":[7],"clusters":[8],"to":[9,76,94,154,171,191,219,224,226],"their":[10],"social":[11,39,54,81,109,189,205],"organization.":[12],"In":[13,198],"an":[14,107,147],"influential":[15],"study":[16],"success":[19],"Silicon":[21,116],"Valley,":[22],"Saxenian":[23],"(1994)":[24],"argues":[25],"that":[26,98],"region":[28,128,141],"benefits":[29],"from":[30,114],"a":[31,127,159,180,188],"decentralized":[32],"structure":[33,110,190],"encouraging":[34],"formation":[36,79,156,194],"diffuse":[38],"ties":[40,82],"linking":[41,83],"scientists":[42],"and":[43,67],"engineers":[44],"across":[45,58],"local":[46],"companies.":[47],"This":[48],"article":[49,222],"examines":[50],"emergence":[52],"structures":[55,206],"supporting":[56,135,207],"biotechnology":[57,91,101,136,182],"three":[59],"regions":[60],"California:":[62],"San":[63,68,99,120],"Francisco,":[64],"Los":[65,166,216],"Angeles,":[66,167,217],"Diego.":[69],"Social":[70,133],"network":[71],"analysis":[72],"methods":[73],"are":[74],"used":[75],"trace":[77],"some":[84],"2500":[85],"senior":[86],"managers":[87],"working":[88],"within":[89],"California":[90],"between":[92],"1976":[93],"2005.":[95],"Findings":[96],"show":[97],"Francisco":[100],"succeeded":[102],"quickly":[103],"because":[104],"it":[105,186],"inherited":[106],"appropriate":[108],"for":[111],"sector":[113],"Valley":[117],"electronics":[118],"industry.":[119],"Diego,":[121],"on":[122],"other":[124],"hand,":[125],"was":[126],"with":[129],"no":[130],"previous":[131],"high-technology.":[132],"networks":[134],"were":[137],"constructed":[138],"in":[139,195,212],"through":[142,163,200],"unanticipated":[144],"collapse":[145],"early":[148],"key":[149],"firm,":[150,175],"Hybritech,":[151],"which":[152,204],"lead":[153],"over":[158],"dozen":[160],"spin-offs":[161],"linked":[162],"founder":[164],"networks.":[165],"despite":[168],"being":[169],"home":[170],"industry\u2019s":[173],"leading":[174],"Amgen,":[176],"has":[177,185],"not":[178],"developed":[179,187],"successful":[181],"industry,":[183],"nor":[184],"support":[192],"marketplace":[193],"region.":[197],"sum,":[199],"exploring":[201,230],"scenarios":[202],"by":[203],"high-technology":[208],"industry":[209],"emerge":[210],"(or,":[211],"case":[214],"fail":[218],"emerge),":[220],"aims":[223],"contribute":[225],"broader":[227],"debates":[228],"theoretical":[229],"sociological":[232],"basis":[233],"economic":[235],"development.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}