{"id":"https://openalex.org/W167548016","doi":null,"title":"So what is flexibility? : toward a multi-level theory of organisational, group, and individual flexibility","display_name":"So what is flexibility? : toward a multi-level theory of organisational, group, and individual flexibility","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W167548016","mag":"167548016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:167548016","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16129/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525247","display_name":"QUT Business School","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"QUT Business School","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002518523","display_name":"Renae A. Jones","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Renae Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002518523"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13963","display_name":"Organizational Management and Leadership","score":0.8095999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13963","display_name":"Organizational Management and Leadership","score":0.8095999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10970","display_name":"Team Dynamics and Performance","score":0.0737999975681305,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-flexibility","display_name":"organizational flexibility","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-flexibility","display_name":"individual flexibility","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-theory","display_name":"multilevel theory","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proactiveness","display_name":"proactive behavior","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"adaptability","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"resilience","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-performance","display_name":"organizational performance","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-effectiveness","display_name":"group effectiveness","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-implementation","display_name":"project implementation","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-satisfaction","display_name":"job satisfaction","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-control","display_name":"organizational control","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-structure","display_name":"organizational structure","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"competition","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-change","display_name":"organizational change","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-learning","display_name":"organizational learning","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-culture","display_name":"organizational culture","score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-management","display_name":"change management","score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-adaptability","display_name":"organizational adaptability","score":0.35199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.8180947303771973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.765741229057312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.46522897481918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.4331800043582916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4123801589012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.32199588418006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2802632451057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27935805916786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.13094744086265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.12405642867088318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:167548016","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16129/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525247","display_name":"QUT Business School","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"QUT Business School","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":190,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15644172","https://openalex.org/W62055964","https://openalex.org/W70394360","https://openalex.org/W85844224","https://openalex.org/W122280598","https://openalex.org/W169602855","https://openalex.org/W238030176","https://openalex.org/W336809835","https://openalex.org/W576029247","https://openalex.org/W625977469","https://openalex.org/W1007395121","https://openalex.org/W1211072476","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1490471753","https://openalex.org/W1498806680","https://openalex.org/W1505592274","https://openalex.org/W1514823166","https://openalex.org/W1515587369","https://openalex.org/W1517084131","https://openalex.org/W1527311855","https://openalex.org/W1528174577","https://openalex.org/W1535158675","https://openalex.org/W1545727066","https://openalex.org/W1550095734","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1557544174","https://openalex.org/W1557553901","https://openalex.org/W1566447278","https://openalex.org/W1570629545","https://openalex.org/W1587700009","https://openalex.org/W1603616772","https://openalex.org/W1604004225","https://openalex.org/W1770273084","https://openalex.org/W1824287400","https://openalex.org/W1964973985","https://openalex.org/W1965337690","https://openalex.org/W1966304406","https://openalex.org/W1966809078","https://openalex.org/W1968648801","https://openalex.org/W1969468402","https://openalex.org/W1971711030","https://openalex.org/W1973833922","https://openalex.org/W1975273460","https://openalex.org/W1976738316","https://openalex.org/W1976800695","https://openalex.org/W1978403617","https://openalex.org/W1980858234","https://openalex.org/W1984087646","https://openalex.org/W1984571401","https://openalex.org/W1984618475","https://openalex.org/W1985225810","https://openalex.org/W1985720015","https://openalex.org/W1986342386","https://openalex.org/W1987219476","https://openalex.org/W1989005810","https://openalex.org/W1989765500","https://openalex.org/W1990885323","https://openalex.org/W1991560199","https://openalex.org/W1992822491","https://openalex.org/W1992977496","https://openalex.org/W1993584001","https://openalex.org/W1994878675","https://openalex.org/W1994931376","https://openalex.org/W1996812234","https://openalex.org/W1998122290","https://openalex.org/W1998553524","https://openalex.org/W2001611462","https://openalex.org/W2002668265","https://openalex.org/W2003851891","https://openalex.org/W2010289615","https://openalex.org/W2011182419","https://openalex.org/W2011303397","https://openalex.org/W2012131152","https://openalex.org/W2013708114","https://openalex.org/W2016378760","https://openalex.org/W2017333168","https://openalex.org/W2017546717","https://openalex.org/W2019386904","https://openalex.org/W2021313886","https://openalex.org/W2023454598","https://openalex.org/W2026089893","https://openalex.org/W2033009646","https://openalex.org/W2033722649","https://openalex.org/W2036143219","https://openalex.org/W2036863282","https://openalex.org/W2037886125","https://openalex.org/W2037894668","https://openalex.org/W2041950918","https://openalex.org/W2045495038","https://openalex.org/W2051017435","https://openalex.org/W2051319431","https://openalex.org/W2051542182","https://openalex.org/W2051898706","https://openalex.org/W2054254384","https://openalex.org/W2054923448","https://openalex.org/W2058468954","https://openalex.org/W2059434114","https://openalex.org/W2060870698","https://openalex.org/W2065528238","https://openalex.org/W2065666259","https://openalex.org/W2066729912","https://openalex.org/W2067561256","https://openalex.org/W2068370738","https://openalex.org/W2068696202","https://openalex.org/W2068907682","https://openalex.org/W2069111524","https://openalex.org/W2069294908","https://openalex.org/W2074684231","https://openalex.org/W2076139725","https://openalex.org/W2076405356","https://openalex.org/W2077913874","https://openalex.org/W2079064050","https://openalex.org/W2079992452","https://openalex.org/W2080317642","https://openalex.org/W2085067988","https://openalex.org/W2085525743","https://openalex.org/W2086613976","https://openalex.org/W2089182983","https://openalex.org/W2089637540","https://openalex.org/W2091243382","https://openalex.org/W2092663762","https://openalex.org/W2093656843","https://openalex.org/W2094320087","https://openalex.org/W2094564377","https://openalex.org/W2099227364","https://openalex.org/W2099996338","https://openalex.org/W2100221655","https://openalex.org/W2102428929","https://openalex.org/W2102623639","https://openalex.org/W2103245493","https://openalex.org/W2108698380","https://openalex.org/W2110614727","https://openalex.org/W2110747032","https://openalex.org/W2111279667","https://openalex.org/W2112938771","https://openalex.org/W2117961824","https://openalex.org/W2118317616","https://openalex.org/W2121977099","https://openalex.org/W2122397415","https://openalex.org/W2126400437","https://openalex.org/W2126827126","https://openalex.org/W2130026768","https://openalex.org/W2134267745","https://openalex.org/W2136341781","https://openalex.org/W2137584734","https://openalex.org/W2137682302","https://openalex.org/W2137834155","https://openalex.org/W2140256961","https://openalex.org/W2143765995","https://openalex.org/W2145962555","https://openalex.org/W2151128815","https://openalex.org/W2151621121","https://openalex.org/W2153041355","https://openalex.org/W2154004755","https://openalex.org/W2155547762","https://openalex.org/W2157337456","https://openalex.org/W2157616752","https://openalex.org/W2160552362","https://openalex.org/W2165916445","https://openalex.org/W2166933318","https://openalex.org/W2168035565","https://openalex.org/W2168165209","https://openalex.org/W2169554768","https://openalex.org/W2169819534","https://openalex.org/W2170283023","https://openalex.org/W2175091510","https://openalex.org/W2188361103","https://openalex.org/W2191351003","https://openalex.org/W2239202066","https://openalex.org/W2316917247","https://openalex.org/W2317576320","https://openalex.org/W2319424458","https://openalex.org/W2320223148","https://openalex.org/W2321359946","https://openalex.org/W2324725815","https://openalex.org/W2333202146","https://openalex.org/W2401615420","https://openalex.org/W2412034765","https://openalex.org/W2416802831","https://openalex.org/W2480852408","https://openalex.org/W2599304014","https://openalex.org/W2615691261","https://openalex.org/W2767096458","https://openalex.org/W2797247465","https://openalex.org/W2912082091","https://openalex.org/W2987042801","https://openalex.org/W2996206509","https://openalex.org/W3122794957","https://openalex.org/W3125349408","https://openalex.org/W3214833809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7070134121","https://openalex.org/W1490471753","https://openalex.org/W2144059639","https://openalex.org/W7095448890","https://openalex.org/W7112490709","https://openalex.org/W1531913511","https://openalex.org/W4413958983","https://openalex.org/W2345699225","https://openalex.org/W2377423695","https://openalex.org/W3049138173"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flexibility":[0,191,337,403],"is":[1,5,24,119,130,154,192,256,525],"a":[2,50,54,62,120,185,286,434,476,526,541,711,741,755,789],"term":[3],"that":[4,22,46,91,319,472,497,504],"presumed":[6],"to":[7,31,52,99,134,204,258,409,416,443,450,529,588,604,625,707,725,807,831,864],"be":[8,100,205,534,589,865],"meaningful":[9],"across":[10],"different":[11],"levels":[12,635,702],"of":[13,75,116,137,145,150,159,164,177,189,227,236,243,254,273,284,307,314,332,352,366,371,375,485,575,609,620,675,686,690,719,730,747,752,758,761,770,792,797,802,813,825,828,837],"analysis":[14,76,255,449,798],"in":[15,132,142,194,216,245,358,578,607,615,633,669,735,842,868],"an":[16,34,198,290,648],"organisation.":[17],"It":[18],"has":[19],"been":[20],"suggested":[21,540],"flexibility":[23,48,71,88,146,160,182,228,250,269,302,354,400,446,487,492,512,524,546,582,611,614,622,634,650,663,694,701,731,748,763,793,803,838],"required":[25],"by":[26,183],"organisations,":[27],"groups,":[28],"and":[29,37,40,60,82,102,127,140,161,169,201,208,233,289,343,356,377,401,407,447,493,502,518,531,536,547,555,559,592,612,677,744,784,799,811,816,852,854,856,874],"individuals":[30,105],"deal":[32],"with":[33,57,167,405,661,683,710],"increasingly":[35],"complex":[36],"dynamic":[38],"organisation":[39],"global":[41],"environment.":[42],"Authors":[43],"have":[44,417],"proposed":[45],"organisational":[47,305,360,372,847],"enables":[49],"firm":[51],"achieve":[53],"better":[55],"'fit'":[56],"their":[58],"environment":[59],"create":[61],"sustainable":[63],"competitive":[64],"advantage.":[65],"The":[66,86,219,238,260,629],"group":[67,80,429,445,481,486,494,500,507,511,523,545,557,560,849],"level":[68,74,149,235,253,272,283,306,361,370,568,601,751,796,806],"literature":[69,89,180,643],"promotes":[70,644],"at":[72,147,229,251,270,281,303,666,749,794,804],"this":[73,165,195,217,246,463,465,579,736,786,820,859],"as":[77,197,340,585,641,647,695],"important":[78],"for":[79,395,834,871,883],"effectiveness":[81],"successful":[83],"project":[84],"completion.":[85],"individual":[87,234,567,576,581,610,621,649,662,700,817,875],"suggests":[90],"people":[92],"who":[93,106],"are":[94,96,107,224,723],"flexible":[95],"more":[97,866],"likely":[98],"satisfied":[101],"effective":[103],"than":[104],"inflexible.":[108],"Despite":[109],"the":[110,114,135,143,157,162,175,178,225,230,304,312,323,348,353,364,367,381,396,422,452,459,483,489,519,572,586,605,616,618,626,642,673,684,687,696,727,759,780,809,826,835,840],"importance":[111],"placed":[112],"on":[113,181,301,380,421,571,599,693,779],"construct":[115,166],"flexibility,":[117,482,501,577,771,829],"it":[118],"relatively":[121],"under":[122],"explored":[123],"construct,":[124],"both":[125],"theoretically":[126],"empirically.":[128],"This":[129,172,309,326,345,431,594,653,738,765,877],"due":[131],"part":[133],"lack":[136],"definitional":[138],"precision":[139],"inconsistency":[141],"operationalisation":[144],"each":[148,252,271,282,351,750,762,795,805],"analysis.":[151,237,274,308,391],"Consequently,":[152],"little":[153],"known":[155],"about":[156],"meaning":[158],"relationship":[163,383,490,543],"contextual":[168,368],"performance":[170],"variables.":[171],"research":[173,196,212,241,263,279,317,346,438,470,596,766,778,787,821,878],"addresses":[174],"limitations":[176],"current":[179],"developing":[184],"testable":[186],"multi-level":[187,728,860],"framework":[188,729,739],"flexibility.":[190,430,508,569,602,818,876],"defined":[193,339,584],"organisation's,":[199],"group's,":[200],"individual's":[202],"ability":[203,528,587],"proactive,":[206,590],"adaptable,":[207,535,591],"resilient.":[209,537,593],"\r\n\r\nThree":[210],"primary":[211],"questions":[213,280,318,471],"were":[214,293,320,473,681],"addressed":[215,222,467],"thesis.":[218,737],"first":[220,297],"question":[221,242,264],"what":[223,266],"characteristics":[226,760],"organisation,":[231,841,872],"group,":[232,815,873],"second":[239,425],"overarching":[240,262],"interest":[244],"thesis":[247],"examines":[248],"how":[249],"related":[257],"performance.":[259,402],"third":[261],"examined":[265,347,566,655],"factors":[267,496,503],"impact":[268,365,689],"To":[275],"address":[276],"these":[277,720],"three":[278,667,721],"analysis,":[285,753],"theoretical":[287,324,477,573],"review":[288],"empirical":[291,298,426,595,823],"study":[292,310,327,427,432,466,565,630,654],"conducted.":[294],"\r\n\r\nThe":[296,563,717],"study,":[299,580],"focused":[300,597,867],"involved":[311],"exploration":[313,574],"seven":[315],"specific":[316,469],"developed":[321,474,734],"from":[322,458,475,704],"review.":[325],"used":[328],"cross-sectional":[329],"secondary":[330],"data":[331,442,697],"private":[333],"sector":[334],"Australian":[335],"organisations.":[336],"was":[338,384,414,513,583,623,733],"proactivity,":[341],"adaptability,":[342],"resilience.":[344],"relationships":[349,454],"between":[350,399,491,516,544],"components":[355],"improvements":[357],"several":[359,548,880],"outcomes.":[362],"Also,":[363,819],"variables":[369,457],"control,":[373],"degree":[374],"structure,":[376],"competition":[378,406],"changes":[379,632],"flexibility-performance":[382,423],"investigated.":[385],"Analysis":[386],"techniques":[387],"included":[388],"moderated":[389],"regression":[390],"Results":[392,538],"showed":[393,510,698],"support":[394],"positive":[397,542,688],"association":[398],"interacted":[404],"structure":[408],"influence":[410],"performance,":[411,495],"but":[412],"control":[413],"found":[415,455],"no":[418],"moderating":[419],"effect":[420],"relationship.\r\n\r\nThe":[424],"investigated":[428,631],"took":[433],"sequential,":[435],"mixed":[436],"method":[437],"approach,":[439,464],"using":[440,638],"qualitative":[441,460],"explore":[444,451],"quantitative":[448],"broad":[453],"among":[456],"research.":[461,885],"Using":[462],"five":[468],"review,":[478],"including":[479,550,844],"defining":[480],"nature":[484],"conceptualisation,":[488],"may":[498,505],"enhance":[499],"reduce":[506],"Findings":[509,680],"described":[514],"consistently":[515],"participants":[517],"existing":[520],"literature,":[521,617],"proposing":[522],"group's":[527],"search":[530],"consider":[532],"alternatives,":[533],"also":[539],"outcomes,":[549],"stakeholder":[551],"satisfaction,":[552,556],"personal":[553],"development":[554,812],"morale,":[558],"confidence.":[561],"final":[564],"Based":[570],"specifically":[598],"managerial":[600,613,627],"Due":[603],"similarities":[606],"descriptions":[608],"definition":[619,746],"applied":[624],"level.":[628],"over":[636,715],"time":[637],"executive":[639,645,659,691],"coaching":[640,646,660,692,706],"developmental":[651,869],"tool.":[652],"eleven":[656],"leaders":[657],"undertaking":[658],"being":[664],"measured":[665],"points":[668],"time,":[670],"pre":[671,705],"coaching,":[672,676,709],"middle":[674],"post":[678,708],"coaching.":[679],"consistent":[682],"proposition":[685],"leaders'":[699],"increased":[703],"significant":[712],"linear":[713],"trend":[714],"time.":[716],"results":[718],"studies":[722],"integrated":[724],"inform":[726],"which":[732,772],"provides":[740,788,822,879],"systematic,":[742],"comprehensive,":[743],"tangible":[745],"providing":[754],"rich":[756],"description":[757,791],"component.":[764],"advances":[767],"our":[768],"understanding":[769],"I":[773],"hope":[774],"will":[775],"encourage":[776,808],"further":[777],"construct.":[781],"For":[782],"managers":[783],"practitioners,":[785],"clear":[790],"offers":[800],"indicators":[801],"measurement":[810],"organisational,":[814],"evidence":[824],"benefits":[827],"helping":[830],"provide":[832],"legitimacy":[833],"inclusion":[836],"into":[839],"areas":[843,882],"strategic":[845],"planning,":[846],"design,":[848,850],"recruitment":[851],"selection,":[853],"training":[855],"development.":[857],"Furthermore,":[858],"model":[861],"allows":[862],"practitioners":[863],"efforts":[870],"interesting":[881],"future":[884]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
