{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1671373671","doi":null,"title":"Drug Metabolism in Early Stage Drug Discovery and Drug Development","display_name":"Drug Metabolism in Early Stage Drug Discovery and Drug Development","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1671373671","mag":"1671373671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/10810619","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Drug_Metabolism_in_Early_Stage_Drug_Discovery_and_Drug_Development/10810619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331240","display_name":"Nan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-1318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-1318"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-1318","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100331240"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10570","display_name":"Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11465","display_name":"Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-metabolism","display_name":"drug metabolism","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-enzymes","display_name":"liver enzymes","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioactive-metabolites","display_name":"bioactive metabolites","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prodrugs","display_name":"prodrugs","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-drug-interactions","display_name":"drug-drug interactions","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucuronidation","display_name":"glucuronidation","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ugt-enzymes","display_name":"UGT enzymes","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors","display_name":"tyrosine kinase inhibitors","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axitinib","display_name":"axitinib","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imatinib","display_name":"imatinib","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lapatinib","display_name":"lapatinib","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s-warfarin","display_name":"S-warfarin","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noscapine","display_name":"noscapine","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyp2c9","display_name":"CYP2C9","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism-based-inactivation","display_name":"mechanism-based inactivation","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbenes","display_name":"carbenes","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bleeding-risk","display_name":"bleeding risk","score":0.6140000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.7117456197738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.6575117707252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89311334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124842","display_name":"Drug metabolism","level":3,"score":0.6364952325820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779907587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14901439","display_name":"Glucuronidation","level":4,"score":0.5969616770744324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.5536980628967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.5318626165390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5150032043457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112705442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936","display_name":"Pharmacokinetics","level":2,"score":0.4619560241699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109650736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424440","display_name":"CYP3A4","level":4,"score":0.4226447343826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526171541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407693","display_name":"Cytochrome P450","level":3,"score":0.3831383287906647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32252973318099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62231903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057","display_name":"Metabolism","level":2,"score":0.2787799835205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.26513582468032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.23586693406105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87644729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q547502","display_name":"Microsome","level":3,"score":0.16754081845283508}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/10810619","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Drug_Metabolism_in_Early_Stage_Drug_Discovery_and_Drug_Development/10810619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:1671373671","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://indigo.uic.edu/handle/10027/18925","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":154,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W988420","https://openalex.org/W45187736","https://openalex.org/W74649421","https://openalex.org/W173572468","https://openalex.org/W652245942","https://openalex.org/W1486575517","https://openalex.org/W1492233399","https://openalex.org/W1516221483","https://openalex.org/W1519033512","https://openalex.org/W1553458063","https://openalex.org/W1555802847","https://openalex.org/W1559756620","https://openalex.org/W1560148951","https://openalex.org/W1560847265","https://openalex.org/W1741338572","https://openalex.org/W1790308478","https://openalex.org/W1963636200","https://openalex.org/W1963951882","https://openalex.org/W1964789377","https://openalex.org/W1967396133","https://openalex.org/W1967970335","https://openalex.org/W1968632813","https://openalex.org/W1968833927","https://openalex.org/W1969586092","https://openalex.org/W1971721185","https://openalex.org/W1978862031","https://openalex.org/W1980877740","https://openalex.org/W1981917989","https://openalex.org/W1983000301","https://openalex.org/W1987790793","https://openalex.org/W1991116258","https://openalex.org/W1997022318","https://openalex.org/W1997502334","https://openalex.org/W2000762847","https://openalex.org/W2001125416","https://openalex.org/W2004224847","https://openalex.org/W2006226839","https://openalex.org/W2008002997","https://openalex.org/W2008408264","https://openalex.org/W2008458954","https://openalex.org/W2008559120","https://openalex.org/W2011689559","https://openalex.org/W2011780463","https://openalex.org/W2013469496","https://openalex.org/W2014240726","https://openalex.org/W2014614108","https://openalex.org/W2016321423","https://openalex.org/W2017173637","https://openalex.org/W2018535431","https://openalex.org/W2019315584","https://openalex.org/W2019550064","https://openalex.org/W2020184426","https://openalex.org/W2023062773","https://openalex.org/W2024148791","https://openalex.org/W2027254129","https://openalex.org/W2027549508","https://openalex.org/W2031802816","https://openalex.org/W2032329090","https://openalex.org/W2034074778","https://openalex.org/W2034077454","https://openalex.org/W2037038635","https://openalex.org/W2039688545","https://openalex.org/W2040558370","https://openalex.org/W2041121356","https://openalex.org/W2042192979","https://openalex.org/W2042239874","https://openalex.org/W2044860951","https://openalex.org/W2047186810","https://openalex.org/W2048125031","https://openalex.org/W2049542229","https://openalex.org/W2054336926","https://openalex.org/W2056455169","https://openalex.org/W2057952253","https://openalex.org/W2058701275","https://openalex.org/W2059118691","https://openalex.org/W2059248961","https://openalex.org/W2060627555","https://openalex.org/W2061915365","https://openalex.org/W2063672140","https://openalex.org/W2068523650","https://openalex.org/W2068634821","https://openalex.org/W2070331984","https://openalex.org/W2076336531","https://openalex.org/W2077304937","https://openalex.org/W2077447365","https://openalex.org/W2077692978","https://openalex.org/W2079127064","https://openalex.org/W2081362488","https://openalex.org/W2081770925","https://openalex.org/W2083308233","https://openalex.org/W2084665561","https://openalex.org/W2084815355","https://openalex.org/W2085614767","https://openalex.org/W2087019997","https://openalex.org/W2090478674","https://openalex.org/W2094577494","https://openalex.org/W2095256039","https://openalex.org/W2096028378","https://openalex.org/W2096483010","https://openalex.org/W2096514095","https://openalex.org/W2096834241","https://openalex.org/W2097404249","https://openalex.org/W2098793988","https://openalex.org/W2100383399","https://openalex.org/W2100570658","https://openalex.org/W2103974459","https://openalex.org/W2105396478","https://openalex.org/W2110047849","https://openalex.org/W2114349412","https://openalex.org/W2114689998","https://openalex.org/W2115763439","https://openalex.org/W2121484553","https://openalex.org/W2124004413","https://openalex.org/W2125650394","https://openalex.org/W2126576359","https://openalex.org/W2126699980","https://openalex.org/W2129998904","https://openalex.org/W2134615930","https://openalex.org/W2138469953","https://openalex.org/W2140484175","https://openalex.org/W2140620734","https://openalex.org/W2140877639","https://openalex.org/W2141115118","https://openalex.org/W2142359865","https://openalex.org/W2142611777","https://openalex.org/W2143036717","https://openalex.org/W2144465276","https://openalex.org/W2146162915","https://openalex.org/W2147268536","https://openalex.org/W2149319043","https://openalex.org/W2149903590","https://openalex.org/W2150946709","https://openalex.org/W2153246785","https://openalex.org/W2153827064","https://openalex.org/W2154262521","https://openalex.org/W2155019660","https://openalex.org/W2156111935","https://openalex.org/W2157638040","https://openalex.org/W2160605524","https://openalex.org/W2161097683","https://openalex.org/W2162990361","https://openalex.org/W2163278353","https://openalex.org/W2164324888","https://openalex.org/W2164586956","https://openalex.org/W2165781594","https://openalex.org/W2166785990","https://openalex.org/W2169145737","https://openalex.org/W2169846948","https://openalex.org/W2205252735","https://openalex.org/W2223893459","https://openalex.org/W2291194041","https://openalex.org/W2395020250","https://openalex.org/W2396032641","https://openalex.org/W2525178367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7006581253","https://openalex.org/W2025990514","https://openalex.org/W2003060201","https://openalex.org/W2913518612","https://openalex.org/W639366881","https://openalex.org/W4327943773","https://openalex.org/W2014843937","https://openalex.org/W2325431695","https://openalex.org/W2122010784","https://openalex.org/W256985333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drug":[0],"metabolism":[1,88,106],"is":[2,55,115,227],"an":[3],"essential":[4],"element":[5],"in":[6,33,51,63,130,165,257,274,308],"drug":[7,52,85,95],"discovery":[8,53],"and":[9,27,40,143,163,191,203,245,264],"development":[10],"process":[11],"by":[12,229],"interacting":[13],"with":[14,152,188],"multiple":[15],"disciplines,":[16],"including":[17,159,261],"medicinal":[18],"chemistry,":[19],"pharmacology,":[20],"preclinical":[21],"development,":[22,24],"clinical":[23],"safety":[25,144],"assessment":[26],"regulatory":[28],"affairs.":[29],"Although":[30],"the":[31,46,49,68,80,84,90,94,102,123,135,147,171,212,233,241,267,271,279,288,291,295,312],"methodologies":[32],"this":[34,59,127],"area":[35],"have":[36,139],"been":[37,109],"being":[38],"developed":[39],"applied":[41],"for":[42,101,301],"decades,":[43],"improvement":[44],"of":[45,48,83,93,167,170,174,198,214,216,225,243,252,281,293,299,315],"efficiency":[47],"method":[50,65],"program":[54],"still":[56],"needed.":[57],"In":[58],"thesis,":[60],"a":[61,97],"novel":[62],"vitro":[64,131],"to":[66,111,122,231,240,287,310],"detect":[67],"liver":[69],"enzymes":[70],"derived":[71],"active":[72,91,117,124,234],"metabolites":[73,137],"against":[74],"Mycobacterial":[75],"tuberculosis":[76],"was":[77,150,205,209,254,306],"developed.":[78],"As":[79],"primary":[81],"pathway":[82],"clearance,":[86],"hepatic":[87],"changes":[89],"form":[92,125,232],"into":[96],"more":[98],"polar":[99],"structure":[100,224],"further":[103],"elimination.":[104],"This":[105,129,249],"has":[107],"also":[108,206,255],"utilized":[110],"design":[112],"pro-drug":[113],"which":[114,138,180,237,277],"not":[116],"but":[118],"can":[119],"be":[120,186],"converted":[121],"through":[126,183,219],"process.":[128],"assay":[132],"will":[133,185],"identify":[134],"TB-active":[136],"better":[140],"metabolic,":[141],"pharmacokinetic":[142],"profiles.":[145],"Besides,":[146],"drug-drug":[148,199],"interactions":[149,200],"explored":[151],"four":[153],"commonly":[154],"used":[155],"tyrosine":[156],"kinease":[157],"inhibitors,":[158],"axitinib,":[160],"imatinib,":[161],"lapatinib":[162],"vandetinib":[164],"terms":[166],"their":[168],"inhibition":[169,213],"glucuronidation":[172,184],"activities":[173],"UGT":[175],"enzymes.":[176],"The":[177,196,222],"coadministered":[178],"drugs":[179],"are":[181],"cleared":[182],"affected":[187,278],"increased":[189],"AUC":[190],"may":[192],"cause":[193],"adverse":[194,313],"effects.":[195],"mechanism":[197],"between":[201],"(S)-warfarin":[202,217,282,300],"noscapine":[204,226,253],"investigated.":[207],"It":[208],"found":[210],"that":[211],"7-hydroxylation":[215],"occurs":[218],"mechanism-based":[220],"inactivation.":[221],"methylenedioxyphenyl":[223],"oxidized":[228],"CYP2C9":[230,244,258,303],"species":[235],"carbene,":[236],"then":[238],"chelates":[239],"heme":[242],"inactives":[246],"its":[247],"activity.":[248],"inactivation":[250,272],"activity":[251],"studied":[256],"variant":[259,304],"isoforms,":[260,276],"CYP2C9*1,":[262],"*2,":[263],"*3.":[265],"With":[266],"amino":[268],"acid":[269],"mutations,":[270],"differs":[273],"these":[275],"clearance":[280,292],"at":[283],"different":[284,302],"levels.":[285],"Due":[286],"effects":[289,314],"on":[290],"(S)-warfarin,":[294],"dose":[296],"adjustment":[297],"factor":[298],"carriers":[305],"calculated":[307],"order":[309],"avoid":[311],"bleeding.":[316]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-11T09:22:31.653822","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
