{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1669339166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","title":"Female Employment and Fertility: Further Investigation of an Ambivalent Association","display_name":"Female Employment and Fertility: Further Investigation of an Ambivalent Association","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1669339166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","mag":"1669339166","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12283030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008120482","display_name":"Zeba A. Sathar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-9923","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-9923"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeba A. Sathar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110303490","display_name":"Shahnaz Kazi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahnaz Kazi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17268596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"175","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12728","display_name":"Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.014800000004470348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-employment","display_name":"women's employment","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility","display_name":"fertility","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desired-fertility","display_name":"desired fertility","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-status","display_name":"occupational status","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-at-marriage","display_name":"age at marriage","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/completed-family-size","display_name":"completed family size","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility-control","display_name":"fertility control","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-mortality","display_name":"child mortality","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-status","display_name":"women's status","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karachi","display_name":"Karachi","score":0.6039999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.9269282817840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5392391085624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993822968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Child bearing","level":3,"score":0.519982635974884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162127614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5928045","display_name":"Ambivalence","level":2,"score":0.439456045627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47122089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285897","display_name":"Total fertility rate","level":5,"score":0.4372252821922302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781354955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11920938","display_name":"Marital status","level":3,"score":0.42709916830062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.348910927772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.33211684226989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779076696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280670","display_name":"Family planning","level":4,"score":0.2763760983943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24174872040748596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.16516461968421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.15881270170211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.10295382142066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986817661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185698","display_name":"Research methodology","level":3,"score":0.09944826364517212}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001208","descriptor_name":"Asia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005191","descriptor_name":"Family Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005195","descriptor_name":"Family Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005298","descriptor_name":"Fertility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005843","descriptor_name":"Geography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007226","descriptor_name":"Infant Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008136","descriptor_name":"Longevity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008393","descriptor_name":"Marriage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009026","descriptor_name":"Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009679","descriptor_name":"Nuclear Family","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009826","descriptor_name":"Old Age Assistance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009934","descriptor_name":"Organization and Administration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010154","descriptor_name":"Pakistan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012111","descriptor_name":"Residence Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012725","descriptor_name":"Sexual Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012923","descriptor_name":"Social Class","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015397","descriptor_name":"Program Evaluation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015996","descriptor_name":"Survival Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12283030","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12283030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pakistan development review","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pid:journl:v:28:y:1989:i:3:p:175-194","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1989/Volume3/175-194.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1989/Volume3/175-194.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v28i3pp.175-194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9444000124931335,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"},{"score":0.9211000204086304,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.41670000553131104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481814409","https://openalex.org/W1561365018","https://openalex.org/W1924679323","https://openalex.org/W1982052589","https://openalex.org/W2006639793","https://openalex.org/W2327665788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4300118500","https://openalex.org/W2011529098","https://openalex.org/W1514819451","https://openalex.org/W1679865035","https://openalex.org/W54784596","https://openalex.org/W4392665238","https://openalex.org/W2420043739","https://openalex.org/W2001754287","https://openalex.org/W1963914122","https://openalex.org/W2293259986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\"This":[0],"study":[1],"of":[2,15,25,57,67,90,117,130,144],"the":[3,53,80,93,98],"relationship":[4],"between":[5,73],"female":[6],"employment":[7],"and":[8,30,38,50,110],"fertility":[9,33,66,81,118],"is":[10,34],"based":[11],"on":[12],"a":[13,141],"survey":[14],"1,000":[16],"ever-married":[17],"women":[18,59,69,121,135],"in":[19,27,31,42,61,72,86,88,100,102,106,111,114,122,136],"Karachi,":[20],"[Pakistan].":[21],"A":[22],"distinct":[23],"pattern":[24],"differentials":[26,82],"actual":[28],"performance":[29],"desired":[32],"observed":[35],"across":[36],"working":[37,60],"non-working":[39,68],"women....":[40],"Women":[41],"higher":[43,123],"status":[44,63,124,138],"occupations":[45,125,139],"marry":[46],"much":[47],"later":[48],"than":[49],"have":[51,127],"half":[52],"completed":[54],"family":[55],"size":[56],"those":[58],"lower":[62,137],"occupations.":[64],"The":[65],"lies":[70],"somewhere":[71],"these":[74],"two":[75],"groups.":[76],"Some":[77],"reasons":[78],"for":[79],"found":[83],"are":[84],"identified":[85],"variations":[87],"point":[89],"entry":[91],"into":[92],"labour":[94],"force":[95],"relative":[96,112],"to":[97],"stage":[99],"child-bearing,":[101],"expectations":[103],"from":[104],"sons":[105],"old":[107],"age":[108],"support,":[109],"facility":[113],"seeking":[115],"means":[116],"control.":[119],"Working":[120],"also":[126],"better":[128],"chances":[129],"their":[131],"children":[132],"surviving,":[133],"whereas":[134],"suffer":[140],"greater":[142],"toll":[143],"child":[145],"deaths.\"":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}