{"id":"https://openalex.org/W166447112","doi":null,"title":"Reformulating a Comprehensive Relationship between Religion and Science: An Islamic Perspective","display_name":"Reformulating a Comprehensive Relationship between Religion and Science: An Islamic Perspective","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W166447112","mag":"166447112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/1003140","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/1003140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:256399","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083603377","display_name":"Osman Bakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3112-0799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3112-0799"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Osman Bakar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3112-0799","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083603377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05121309,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13815","display_name":"Islamic Thought and Society Studies","score":0.8428000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13815","display_name":"Islamic Thought and Society Studies","score":0.8428000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12998","display_name":"Education and Islamic Studies","score":0.05770000070333481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13646","display_name":"Qur\u2019anic Interpretation Studies","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-worldview","display_name":"Islamic worldview","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-epistemology","display_name":"epistemology of science","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ihsan","display_name":"ihsan","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iman","display_name":"iman","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-law","display_name":"Islamic law","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethics-of-science","display_name":"ethics of science","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-hierarchy","display_name":"value hierarchy","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/definition-of-science","display_name":"definition of science","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polemical-discourse","display_name":"polemical discourse","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Islamic philosophy of science","score":0.453000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.8382670879364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.7762852311134338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.6074182391166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5857038497924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.561648964881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5318787693977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5247554779052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.44958755373954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.4270079433917999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.42431530356407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.32960349321365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2305203080177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1920364797115326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1326177418231964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12680670619010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/1003140","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/1003140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:256399","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:166447112","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-119627465/reformulating-a-comprehensive-relationship-between","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7037453261","https://openalex.org/W632734605","https://openalex.org/W3031695484","https://openalex.org/W4293334906","https://openalex.org/W2503729931","https://openalex.org/W4411176031","https://openalex.org/W3124713101","https://openalex.org/W2094484464","https://openalex.org/W3185347407","https://openalex.org/W1596198211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Formulation":[0],"of":[1,12,16,38,54,59,64,73,80,95,109,122,191,201,210,220,230,301,308,312,324,344,368,395,406,439,475,478,491,504,512,518,521,549,553,559],"the":[2,36,71,78,89,98,150,155,166,192,199,218,224,235,247,262,267,272,278,281,286,299,302,314,384,388,417,436,440,445,457,469,479,484,513,519,539,542,547,550,554,557,580,590],"relationship":[3,91,156,458,520],"between":[4,92,104,157,370,459],"Islam":[5,158,202,348,361,371,402,407,419,460,522,592],"and":[6,14,19,61,75,97,106,111,159,178,203,242,250,257,349,355,362,372,391,447,461,495,523,544,565,611],"science":[7,33,44,96,110,204,350,373],"has":[8,135,145,427],"been":[9,136,428,617],"confused":[10],"because":[11,311],"misuse":[13],"misunderstanding":[15,310,313,325],"key":[17,231],"terms":[18,232,240,273,287,319,389],"their":[20,396,476,500,509,516],"precise":[21,268],"context.":[22],"Which":[23,25,364,401],"Islam?":[24,365],"science?":[26,160,415],"If":[27],"we":[28,40,185,333],"are":[29,244,274,320,334,351,374,399,451,490,586],"aiming":[30],"at":[31,77],"a":[32,46,52,85,141,176,337,341,473],"molded":[34],"in":[35,138,223,270,277,284,316,339,353,378,423,444,499,556,582],"crucible":[37],"Islam,":[39,529],"need":[41,253,326],"to":[42,140,153,174,182,187,226,234,246,254,264,327,357,375,387,414,433,435,467,527,538,576,595,597,608],"approach":[43],"as":[45,101,103,442,472,613],"theoretical":[47,119],"construct":[48],"with":[49,207,336],"four":[50],"components:":[51],"body":[53],"knowledge,":[55],"basic":[56],"premises,":[57],"methods":[58],"study":[60],"goals,":[62],"all":[63,208],"which":[65,144,271,285,317,340,394,404],"must":[66],"be":[67,255,289,328,421,577],"fully":[68],"informed":[69],"by":[70,430,535],"domain":[72],"iman":[74],"understood":[76,422],"level":[79],"ihsan.":[81],"This":[82,133,212],"paper":[83,134],"establishes":[84],"philosophical":[86],"framework":[87],"for":[88,515,603],"harmonious":[90],"epistemological":[93],"dimensions":[94,108,398,615],"Islamic":[99,170],"worldview":[100],"well":[102],"ethical":[105],"societal":[107],"Shari'ah.":[112,131],"Keywords:":[113],"Islam;":[114],"science;":[115],"context;":[116],"normative":[117,437,599],"teachings;":[118],"structure;":[120],"hierarchy":[121],"values;":[123],"conceptual":[124],"goals;":[125],"epistemological;":[126],"ethical;":[127],"practical":[128],"application;":[129],"holistic;":[130],"Introduction":[132],"written":[137],"response":[139,181],"specific":[142],"question":[143],"two":[146,292],"facets:":[147],"What":[148],"is":[149,205,261,408,411,486,574],"best":[151],"way":[152],"formulate":[154],"How":[161],"does":[162],"this":[163,502],"methodology":[164],"constrain/explore":[165],"discourse":[167,197,225],"from":[168,217],"an":[169,568],"perspective?":[171],"In":[172],"attempting":[173],"provide":[175,227],"clear":[177],"fairly":[179],"comprehensive":[180],"these":[183,291,318,614],"questions,":[184],"have":[186,295,616],"first":[188,540],"take":[189],"note":[190],"glaring":[193],"fact":[194],"that":[195,410,483,601],"contemporary":[196,345],"on":[198,298,347,383,508,533],"subject":[200],"clouded":[206],"kinds":[209,367],"confusion.":[211],"abundant":[213],"confusion":[214],"stems":[215],"largely":[216],"failure":[219,263],"many":[221],"participants":[222],"proper":[228],"definitions":[229],"central":[233,245],"discussion.":[236,279],"Clearly,":[237],"here":[238],"both":[239],"'Islam'":[241,390],"'science'":[243,392],"whole":[248],"discourse,":[249],"thus":[251,496],"they":[252],"well-defined":[256],"explained.":[258],"Then":[259,584],"there":[260,585],"clearly":[265],"state":[266],"context":[269,315],"being":[275,412],"used":[276,429],"Given":[280],"multiple":[282],"senses":[283],"might":[288],"understood,":[290],"failures":[293],"can":[294],"undesirable":[296],"consequences":[297],"outcome":[300],"discourse.":[303],"We":[304],"often":[305],"find":[306],"cases":[307],"gross":[309],"used.":[321],"These":[322],"sources":[323],"addressed,":[329],"more":[330],"so":[331],"when":[332,454],"confronted":[335],"situation":[338],"significant":[342],"portion":[343],"works":[346],"polemical":[352],"nature":[354],"tend":[356],"perpetuate":[358],"misunderstanding.":[359],"(1)":[360],"Science:":[363],"Whatever":[366],"relationships":[369],"emerge":[376],"prominently":[377],"our":[379],"discussion":[380],"will":[381],"depend":[382],"meanings":[385],"given":[386],"or":[393,403],"respective":[397],"emphasized.":[400],"part":[405],"it":[409],"related":[413],"Indeed,":[416],"term":[418],"may":[420],"several":[424],"senses.":[425],"It":[426],"certain":[431],"people":[432],"refer":[434,596],"teachings":[438,600],"religion":[441,555],"contained":[443],"Qur'an":[446,485,514],"prophetic":[448],"tradition.":[449],"There":[450],"Muslims":[452,505],"who,":[453],"speaking":[455],"about":[456],"science,":[462,534],"do":[463],"not":[464,545,593],"even":[465],"want":[466,526],"consider":[468],"hadith":[470],"literature":[471],"source":[474],"understanding":[477],"former.":[480],"(2)":[481],"Arguing":[482],"divine":[487],"whereas":[488],"ahadith":[489],"purely":[492],"human":[493],"origin":[494],"possibly":[497],"questionable":[498],"authenticity,":[501],"group":[503],"depends":[506],"solely":[507],"own":[510],"interpretations":[511],"formulation":[517],"science.":[524],"They":[525],"understand":[528],"including":[530],"its":[531,560,598,609],"perspectives":[532],"going":[536],"directly":[537],"source,":[541],"Qur'an,":[543],"through":[546],"intermediary":[548],"historical":[551],"manifestations":[552],"form":[558],"spiritual":[561],"traditions,":[562],"intellectual":[563,572],"culture,":[564],"civilization.":[566],"Such":[567],"attitude":[569],"toward":[570],"Islam's":[571],"past":[573],"also":[575,607],"found":[578],"among":[579],"believers":[581],"ahadith.":[583],"those":[587],"who":[588],"use":[589],"word":[591],"only":[594],"allow":[602],"fresh":[604],"interpretations,":[605],"but":[606],"culture":[610],"civilization":[612],"manifested":[618],"throughout":[619],"Muslim":[620],"history.":[621],"\u2026":[622]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}