{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1661696729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.92.033001","title":"Inhomogeneous distribution of water droplets in cloud turbulence","display_name":"Inhomogeneous distribution of water droplets in cloud turbulence","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1661696729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.92.033001","mag":"1661696729","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26465550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreve.92.033001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.92.033001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.92.033001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35412551","display_name":"Physical Review E","issn_l":"1539-3755","issn":["1539-3755","1550-2376"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review E","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.6819","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090138822","display_name":"Itzhak Fouxon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2984-2522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2984-2522"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Itzhak Fouxon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070466220","display_name":"Yongnam Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-7735","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-7735"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongnam Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004256372","display_name":"Roei Harduf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roei Harduf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100683431","display_name":"Changhoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-8117","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-8117"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changhoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090138822","https://openalex.org/A5100683431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3578,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76312708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"92","issue":"3","first_page":"033001","last_page":"033001"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12350","display_name":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","score":0.8740000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12350","display_name":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","score":0.8740000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.07999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.02630000002682209,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-settling","display_name":"particle settling","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-droplets","display_name":"water droplets","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pair-correlation-function","display_name":"pair correlation function","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-law-divergence","display_name":"power-law divergence","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence-energy-spectrum","display_name":"turbulence energy spectrum","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyapunov-exponents","display_name":"Lyapunov exponents","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-separation","display_name":"particle separation","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warm-cloud-microphysics","display_name":"warm cloud microphysics","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rain-formation","display_name":"rain formation","score":0.7049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.7920525074005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24692054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1545546","display_name":"Stokes number","level":4,"score":0.7562898993492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6713342070579529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5224670171737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421508","display_name":"Exponent","level":2,"score":0.5018150806427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87040749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Power law","level":2,"score":0.4960103929042816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191544260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1238630","display_name":"Lyapunov exponent","level":3,"score":0.46925708651542664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4613388478755951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.42542457580566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.39681369066238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3509975075721741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182748727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178932","display_name":"Reynolds number","level":3,"score":0.22423821687698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15420764684677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.15077802538871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.12251141667366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreve.92.033001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.92.033001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.92.033001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35412551","display_name":"Physical Review E","issn_l":"1539-3755","issn":["1539-3755","1550-2376"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review E","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26465550","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26465550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1409.6819","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.6819","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.6819","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1409.6819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1409.6819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1409.6819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1409.6819","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.6819","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.6819","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2406182362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014R1A2A2A01006544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3004556185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20090093134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1661696729.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1661696729.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W137360949","https://openalex.org/W349558827","https://openalex.org/W1613832189","https://openalex.org/W1963785884","https://openalex.org/W1983056597","https://openalex.org/W1987674476","https://openalex.org/W1988076201","https://openalex.org/W1989747751","https://openalex.org/W1990742113","https://openalex.org/W1994479015","https://openalex.org/W1996483103","https://openalex.org/W2005362442","https://openalex.org/W2006191040","https://openalex.org/W2017902598","https://openalex.org/W2023768847","https://openalex.org/W2027065752","https://openalex.org/W2043921511","https://openalex.org/W2044665398","https://openalex.org/W2045766153","https://openalex.org/W2047698250","https://openalex.org/W2049829140","https://openalex.org/W2049977354","https://openalex.org/W2050309001","https://openalex.org/W2051989995","https://openalex.org/W2053259029","https://openalex.org/W2059407301","https://openalex.org/W2059991106","https://openalex.org/W2062469296","https://openalex.org/W2067956415","https://openalex.org/W2072288841","https://openalex.org/W2079064553","https://openalex.org/W2081621077","https://openalex.org/W2100868184","https://openalex.org/W2108573151","https://openalex.org/W2111825929","https://openalex.org/W2122775231","https://openalex.org/W2127122701","https://openalex.org/W2128477141","https://openalex.org/W2131886696","https://openalex.org/W2136822411","https://openalex.org/W2139364442","https://openalex.org/W2150776970","https://openalex.org/W2160282721","https://openalex.org/W2165008991","https://openalex.org/W2171748324","https://openalex.org/W2189962969","https://openalex.org/W2962764523","https://openalex.org/W2990932507","https://openalex.org/W3100313286","https://openalex.org/W3217186294","https://openalex.org/W4237863286","https://openalex.org/W4242768312","https://openalex.org/W4243066586","https://openalex.org/W4248945491","https://openalex.org/W4254209065","https://openalex.org/W4293509612","https://openalex.org/W4300407496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1863743294","https://openalex.org/W349558827","https://openalex.org/W2131886696","https://openalex.org/W4280508692","https://openalex.org/W7048095745","https://openalex.org/W1973420075","https://openalex.org/W2149415783","https://openalex.org/W2120560428","https://openalex.org/W2108573151","https://openalex.org/W4303432997"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,32,60,93,134],"consider":[1],"sedimentation":[2],"of":[3,18,38,56,69,71,74,90,97,104,107,142,164],"small":[4,105],"particles":[5,22,57,113],"in":[6,58,116,154],"the":[7,26,35,63,77,95,102,117,125,132,136,162],"turbulent":[8],"flow":[9,27],"where":[10],"fluid":[11],"accelerations":[12],"are":[13,23],"much":[14],"smaller":[15],"than":[16],"acceleration":[17],"gravity":[19],"g.":[20,81],"The":[21,82,145],"dragged":[24],"by":[25,28,131,138],"linear":[29],"friction":[30],"force.":[31],"demonstrate":[33],"that":[34,62,100,112,149],"pair-correlation":[36],"function":[37],"particles'":[39],"concentration":[40],"diverges":[41],"with":[42,49],"decreasing":[43],"separation":[44],"as":[45],"a":[46,86,122,159],"power":[47],"law":[48],"negative":[50],"exponent.":[51],"This":[52,120],"manifests":[53],"fractal":[54],"distribution":[55],"space.":[59],"find":[61],"exponent":[64],"is":[65,85,110],"proportional":[66],"to":[67],"ratio":[68],"integral":[70],"energy":[72],"spectrum":[73,96],"turbulence":[75],"times":[76],"wave":[78],"number":[79,88],"over":[80],"proportionality":[83],"coefficient":[84],"universal":[87],"independent":[89],"particle":[91],"size.":[92],"derive":[94],"Lyapunov":[98],"exponents":[99],"describes":[101],"evolution":[103],"patches":[106],"particles.":[108,133],"It":[109],"demonstrated":[111],"separate":[114],"dominantly":[115],"horizontal":[118],"plane.":[119],"provides":[121],"theory":[123],"for":[124,151,161],"recently":[126],"observed":[127],"vertical":[128],"columns":[129],"formed":[130],"confirm":[135],"predictions":[137,146],"direct":[139],"numerical":[140],"simulations":[141],"Navier-Stokes":[143],"turbulence.":[144],"include":[147],"conditions":[148],"hold":[150],"water":[152],"droplets":[153],"warm":[155],"clouds":[156],"thus":[157],"providing":[158],"tool":[160],"prediction":[163],"rain":[165],"formation.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}