{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1661132271","doi":null,"title":"Goons, Gunmen, and Gendarmerie: Toward A Reconceptualization of Paramilitary Formations","display_name":"Goons, Gunmen, and Gendarmerie: Toward A Reconceptualization of Paramilitary Formations","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1661132271","mag":"1661132271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1661132271","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://procon.bg/article/goons-gunmen-and-gendarmerie-toward-reconceptualization-paramilitary-formations","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S961333017","display_name":"Journal of Political & Military Sociology","issn_l":"0047-2697","issn":["0047-2697","2642-2190"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Political & Military Sociology","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082987523","display_name":"Andrew C. Scobell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Scobell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030928661","display_name":"Brad Hammitt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad Hammitt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95496789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"213","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.05829999968409538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12263","display_name":"Peacebuilding and International Security","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paramilitaries","display_name":"paramilitary groups","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paramilitarism","display_name":"paramilitarism","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irish-republican-army","display_name":"Irish Republican Army","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-s-armed-police","display_name":"People's Armed Police","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gendarmerie","display_name":"gendarmerie","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-military-relations","display_name":"civil-military relations","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haiti","display_name":"Haiti","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-ireland","display_name":"Northern Ireland","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.9869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.8081246018409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6782819628715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007","display_name":"Globe","level":2,"score":0.6772222518920898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5124770","display_name":"Civil\u2013military relations","level":3,"score":0.5434191226959229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9142","display_name":"Irish","level":2,"score":0.47783327102661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183761623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10954043","display_name":"Peacekeeping","level":2,"score":0.4555465281009674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4539005160331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36333996057510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.35665079951286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.34909120202064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18027672171592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.16271939873695374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1661132271","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://procon.bg/article/goons-gunmen-and-gendarmerie-toward-reconceptualization-paramilitary-formations","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S961333017","display_name":"Journal of Political & Military Sociology","issn_l":"0047-2697","issn":["0047-2697","2642-2190"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Political & Military Sociology","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W577925374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3027713944","https://openalex.org/W4247465965","https://openalex.org/W207949198","https://openalex.org/W2965900302","https://openalex.org/W2267920662","https://openalex.org/W2071761752","https://openalex.org/W2166207369","https://openalex.org/W3080790322","https://openalex.org/W7095614931","https://openalex.org/W3080617538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Is":[0],"paramilitary":[1,48,65],"the":[2,10,15,20,27,30,76,99,104,107],"appropriate":[3,51],"term":[4],"for":[5],"such":[6],"diverse":[7],"groups":[8,33,66],"as":[9,39,92],"Tontons":[11],"Macoutes":[12],"of":[13,32,64,78,101],"Haiti,":[14,68],"Irish":[16],"Republican":[17],"Army,":[18],"and":[19,52,60,71,87,94,113],"China's":[21],"People's":[22],"Armed":[23],"Police?":[24],"In":[25],"examining":[26],"proliferation":[28],"around":[29],"globe":[31],"that":[34,47,106],"cannot":[35],"be":[36],"described":[37],"accurately":[38],"military,":[40],"police,":[41],"or":[42],"civilian,":[43],"this":[44],"study":[45],"determines":[46],"is":[49,110],"an":[50],"useful":[53],"term.":[54],"The":[55,73],"authors":[56],"formulate":[57],"a":[58,62,79],"definition":[59],"develop":[61],"typology":[63],"from":[67,96],"Northern":[69],"Ireland,":[70],"China.":[72],"analysis":[74],"highlights":[75],"existence":[77],"gray":[80],"area":[81],"in":[82],"civil-military":[83,108],"relations:":[84],"while":[85],"civil":[86],"military":[88],"spheres":[89],"are":[90],"conceptualized":[91],"separate":[93],"distinct":[95],"one":[97],"another,":[98],"subject":[100],"paramilitarism":[102],"underscores":[103],"reality":[105],"difference":[109],"often":[111],"blurred":[112],"indistinct.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
