{"id":"https://openalex.org/W165738548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","title":"A Cluster Analytic Test of the Transtheoretical Model Applied to Exercise Behavior","display_name":"A Cluster Analytic Test of the Transtheoretical Model Applied to Exercise Behavior","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W165738548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","mag":"165738548"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1969&context=oa_diss","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"University of Rhode Island","raw_type":"dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1969&context=oa_diss","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073312622","display_name":"Gregory J. Norman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-9597","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-9597","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2899-3238"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Norman, Gregory J.","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rhode Island"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rhode Island","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073312622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.7821999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.7821999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10352","display_name":"Physical Activity and Health","score":0.1881999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transtheoretical-model","display_name":"transtheoretical model","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-behavior","display_name":"exercise behavior","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stages-of-change","display_name":"stages of change","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-typology","display_name":"exercise typology","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clustering","display_name":"clustering","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-processes","display_name":"change processes","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-confidence","display_name":"exercise confidence","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-change","display_name":"behavior change","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-risk-behaviors","display_name":"health risk behaviors","score":0.4880000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777048351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495240","display_name":"Transtheoretical model","level":3,"score":0.8925794363021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.7349067330360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6561144590377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.6362255215644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5023167133331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5013034343719482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.501267671585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.44369834661483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.41106054186820984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3547287881374359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.35071343183517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2801876664161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.2147943377494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17048683762550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14262774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880695","display_name":"Behavior change","level":2,"score":0.16482973098754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10714086890220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1969&context=oa_diss","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"University of Rhode Island","raw_type":"dissertation"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23860/diss-norman-gregory-1998","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1969&context=oa_diss","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"University of Rhode Island","raw_type":"dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8560000061988831,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W165738548.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W165738548.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34096445","https://openalex.org/W72712501","https://openalex.org/W165388696","https://openalex.org/W180949712","https://openalex.org/W415413372","https://openalex.org/W645827274","https://openalex.org/W1506796605","https://openalex.org/W1513869762","https://openalex.org/W1587572093","https://openalex.org/W1613666090","https://openalex.org/W1646225421","https://openalex.org/W1967729323","https://openalex.org/W1970236246","https://openalex.org/W1975152892","https://openalex.org/W1975824497","https://openalex.org/W1975947537","https://openalex.org/W1978876911","https://openalex.org/W1982210139","https://openalex.org/W1987252156","https://openalex.org/W1989006690","https://openalex.org/W1989894849","https://openalex.org/W2000994013","https://openalex.org/W2003883358","https://openalex.org/W2006229425","https://openalex.org/W2006982253","https://openalex.org/W2011280808","https://openalex.org/W2014703793","https://openalex.org/W2015717438","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2022237013","https://openalex.org/W2023822968","https://openalex.org/W2024877402","https://openalex.org/W2024959238","https://openalex.org/W2025298047","https://openalex.org/W2025599816","https://openalex.org/W2027473728","https://openalex.org/W2038551576","https://openalex.org/W2038569635","https://openalex.org/W2039092933","https://openalex.org/W2043728918","https://openalex.org/W2049814849","https://openalex.org/W2052946386","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2061320251","https://openalex.org/W2061560507","https://openalex.org/W2065289096","https://openalex.org/W2070835554","https://openalex.org/W2073057828","https://openalex.org/W2085487226","https://openalex.org/W2088321234","https://openalex.org/W2088879945","https://openalex.org/W2089738378","https://openalex.org/W2090800353","https://openalex.org/W2092358729","https://openalex.org/W2100019650","https://openalex.org/W2105586359","https://openalex.org/W2121302685","https://openalex.org/W2121428691","https://openalex.org/W2128815926","https://openalex.org/W2130547012","https://openalex.org/W2136799756","https://openalex.org/W2158778599","https://openalex.org/W2176575126","https://openalex.org/W2184669020","https://openalex.org/W2188026651","https://openalex.org/W2333930510","https://openalex.org/W2479259944","https://openalex.org/W2798543290","https://openalex.org/W4232825168","https://openalex.org/W4236388818","https://openalex.org/W4244096728","https://openalex.org/W4246782130","https://openalex.org/W4296216085","https://openalex.org/W6630155466","https://openalex.org/W6659855005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021061882","https://openalex.org/W7034582749","https://openalex.org/W1805339721","https://openalex.org/W2026680205","https://openalex.org/W2241660908","https://openalex.org/W1992527380","https://openalex.org/W7002445456","https://openalex.org/W2025344974","https://openalex.org/W7054076689","https://openalex.org/W7100898930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"empirical":[1,379],"typology":[2,24,360],"was":[3,18,79,93,197,269,346],"created":[4,29],"to":[5,14,50,55,99,144,199,225,284],"test":[6,226,285],"the":[7,10,36,45,48,63,118,122,126,146,171,177,185,227,233,244,253,267,275,354,357,363,382],"application":[8,46],"of":[9,25,47,59,65,88,124,128,148,160,184,221,232,243,266,280,296,299,305,324,328,337,351,356,370,372,384,393],"Transtheoretical":[11],"Model":[12],"(TIM)":[13],"exercise":[15,26,234,321,358],"behavior.":[16],"It":[17,345],"reasoned":[19],"that":[20,30,207,241,348,362,381],"if":[21],"a":[22,70,73,153,194,281,367,391],"meaningful":[23],"could":[27],"be":[28,41,388],"depicted":[31],"construct":[32],"relationships":[33],"posited":[34],"by":[35,335],"TIM,":[37],"then":[38],"this":[39,349],"would":[40],"supportive":[42],"evidence":[43,380],"for":[44,165,286,301,307,320,339],"model":[49],"understanding":[51],"behavior":[52,385],"change":[53,338,386],"related":[54],"exercise.":[56],"A":[57,219],"sample":[58,78,92],"342":[60],"adults":[61],"between":[62,170],"ages":[64],"18":[66],"and":[67,84,109,130,138,150,155,217,229,250,256,311,326,342,361],"75":[68],"completed":[69],"survey":[71],"through":[72,168],"random":[74],"telephone":[75],"interview.":[76],"The":[77,91,113,133,330,375],"62%":[80],"female,":[81],"95%":[82],"white,":[83],"an":[85],"average":[86],"age":[87],"43":[89],"years.":[90],"randomly":[94],"split":[95],"into":[96],"two":[97,172],"subsamples":[98,173],"perform":[100],"cluster":[101,119,157,161,179,186,196,245,259,359],"analysis":[102,120],"on":[103],"each":[104,200],"subsample":[105],"using":[106,274],"Ward's":[107],"method":[108],"squared":[110],"Euclidean":[111],"distance.":[112],"three":[114],"variables":[115],"used":[116,142],"in":[117,175,190,204,288],"were":[121,141,188,208,223,261,318,332],"Pros":[123],"exercise,":[125,129],"Cons":[127],"Exercise":[131,293],"Confidence.":[132],"pseudo":[134,136],"F,":[135],"t2":[137],"hierarchical":[139],"dendrograms":[140],"initially":[143],"determine":[145],"number":[147,369],"clusters":[149,206,268,277,331,364],"indicated":[151],"either":[152],"five":[154,289],"six":[156,276],"solution.":[158],"Comparison":[159],"mean":[162],"profile":[163],"patterns":[164,187,246,260],"solutions":[166],"3":[167],"8":[169],"resulted":[174,203],"choosing":[176],"5":[178],"solution":[180],"as":[181,278,390],"optimal.":[182],"Four":[183],"found":[189,319],"both":[191],"subsamples,":[192],"while":[193,252],"fifth":[195],"unique":[198],"subsample.":[201],"This":[202],"6":[205],"labeled":[209],"Disengaged,":[210],"Early,":[211],"At":[212,254],"Risk,":[213],"Early":[214,257],"Action,":[215],"Maintainers,":[216],"Habituated.":[218],"series":[220,350,392],"analyses":[222,352],"conducted":[224],"internal":[228,237],"external":[230],"validity":[231,238,265],"typology.":[235],"Two":[236],"tests":[239],"revealed":[240],"four":[242],"demonstrated":[247,270,353],"high":[248],"stability":[249],"replicability,":[251],"Risk":[255],"Action":[258],"less":[262],"stable.":[263],"External":[264],"with":[271],"significance":[272],"testing":[273],"levels":[279],"categorical":[282],"variable":[283,291],"differences":[287],"different":[290],"domains:":[292],"Behavior,":[294],"Processes":[295],"Change,":[297],"Stage":[298,304,371],"Change":[300,306,373],"Regular":[302],"Exercise,":[303],"other":[308],"health":[309],"risks,":[310],"selected":[312],"demographic":[313],"variables.":[314],"Large":[315],"effect":[316],"sizes":[317],"behavior,":[322],"processes":[323],"change,":[325],"stage":[327,336],"change.":[329],"also":[333,377],"differentiated":[334],"diet,":[340],"gender,":[341],"perceived":[343],"health.":[344],"concluded":[347],"verisimilitude":[355],"potentially":[365],"represent":[366],"limited":[368],"subtypes.":[374],"results":[376],"provide":[378],"spectrum":[383],"can":[387],"represented":[389],"discrete":[394],"groups.":[395],"Issues":[396],"are":[397],"discussed":[398],"pertaining":[399]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
