{"id":"https://openalex.org/W165338954","doi":null,"title":"The Generation Effect and Memory","display_name":"The Generation Effect and Memory","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W165338954","mag":"165338954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt4r623773","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001270779","display_name":"Zachary A. Rosner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zachary A. Rosner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001270779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generation-effect","display_name":"generation effect","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"active learning","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-encoding","display_name":"memory encoding","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-memory","display_name":"item memory","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-memory","display_name":"contextual memory","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-memory","display_name":"color memory","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-location-memory","display_name":"spatial location memory","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-appropriate-processing","display_name":"transfer-appropriate processing","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-comparison","display_name":"cross-cultural comparison","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idioms","display_name":"idioms","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antonymy","display_name":"antonymy","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synonyms","display_name":"synonyms","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-dependence","display_name":"field dependence","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-basis-of-memory","display_name":"neural basis of memory","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-practice","display_name":"retrieval practice","score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-effort","display_name":"cognitive effort","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-processing","display_name":"semantic processing","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-distraction","display_name":"cognitive distraction","score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-universality","display_name":"cross-cultural universality","score":0.3569999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47385372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098943","display_name":"Optimal distinctiveness theory","level":2,"score":0.7491570711135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5992485880851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5729215741157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5350977182388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87868495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750843","display_name":"Information processing","level":2,"score":0.41417741775512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4121941328048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39501863718032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34038734436035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.25750845670700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt4r623773","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"pmh:qt4r623773","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","pdf_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rosner, Zachary Alexander. (2012). The Generation Effect and Memory. UC Berkeley: Psychology. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"mag:165338954","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt4r623773/qt4r623773.pdf?t=mtfeyt","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt4r623773","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r623773","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5738209735","display_name":"Frontal Cortex and Executive Function","funder_award_id":"P01NS040813","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6547071607","display_name":"Role of Parietal Cortex in Episodic Retrieval","funder_award_id":"0745835","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W165338954.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W165338954.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179914360","https://openalex.org/W575898823","https://openalex.org/W1483126227","https://openalex.org/W1568450720","https://openalex.org/W1785085542","https://openalex.org/W1905221808","https://openalex.org/W1965946959","https://openalex.org/W1966647730","https://openalex.org/W1968961613","https://openalex.org/W1971162173","https://openalex.org/W1971487364","https://openalex.org/W1972588609","https://openalex.org/W1979793503","https://openalex.org/W1980343791","https://openalex.org/W1986014082","https://openalex.org/W1989472086","https://openalex.org/W1990451873","https://openalex.org/W1994184572","https://openalex.org/W1995333323","https://openalex.org/W1996225689","https://openalex.org/W1999199257","https://openalex.org/W2000792726","https://openalex.org/W2002786667","https://openalex.org/W2003950945","https://openalex.org/W2004805246","https://openalex.org/W2006096283","https://openalex.org/W2011708246","https://openalex.org/W2013011654","https://openalex.org/W2016584175","https://openalex.org/W2017433125","https://openalex.org/W2020058458","https://openalex.org/W2024672644","https://openalex.org/W2028492013","https://openalex.org/W2029473383","https://openalex.org/W2033561572","https://openalex.org/W2037416832","https://openalex.org/W2038392811","https://openalex.org/W2042664695","https://openalex.org/W2043527309","https://openalex.org/W2044965611","https://openalex.org/W2045251320","https://openalex.org/W2048692524","https://openalex.org/W2051697612","https://openalex.org/W2054727733","https://openalex.org/W2055215898","https://openalex.org/W2059527915","https://openalex.org/W2059649050","https://openalex.org/W2061054583","https://openalex.org/W2062787021","https://openalex.org/W2064904358","https://openalex.org/W2065175292","https://openalex.org/W2066617389","https://openalex.org/W2068106265","https://openalex.org/W2068126272","https://openalex.org/W2071992395","https://openalex.org/W2073047794","https://openalex.org/W2078423072","https://openalex.org/W2079564912","https://openalex.org/W2081711308","https://openalex.org/W2083328105","https://openalex.org/W2087776516","https://openalex.org/W2088256823","https://openalex.org/W2090720773","https://openalex.org/W2093674314","https://openalex.org/W2095335917","https://openalex.org/W2095709165","https://openalex.org/W2097741515","https://openalex.org/W2097780989","https://openalex.org/W2099267485","https://openalex.org/W2100737431","https://openalex.org/W2107627409","https://openalex.org/W2109616123","https://openalex.org/W2110065066","https://openalex.org/W2110177459","https://openalex.org/W2110984549","https://openalex.org/W2112891119","https://openalex.org/W2113352630","https://openalex.org/W2113669731","https://openalex.org/W2114351818","https://openalex.org/W2117939565","https://openalex.org/W2123241576","https://openalex.org/W2126485546","https://openalex.org/W2128672892","https://openalex.org/W2132107536","https://openalex.org/W2132667009","https://openalex.org/W2132682750","https://openalex.org/W2133705455","https://openalex.org/W2134170969","https://openalex.org/W2136435696","https://openalex.org/W2136504830","https://openalex.org/W2137526341","https://openalex.org/W2137738843","https://openalex.org/W2144421443","https://openalex.org/W2144741543","https://openalex.org/W2146547235","https://openalex.org/W2150261049","https://openalex.org/W2151137320","https://openalex.org/W2157228667","https://openalex.org/W2159006998","https://openalex.org/W2159904286","https://openalex.org/W2160028816","https://openalex.org/W2161492281","https://openalex.org/W2161583652","https://openalex.org/W2161621074","https://openalex.org/W2162010696","https://openalex.org/W2163265086","https://openalex.org/W2163569782","https://openalex.org/W2166478616","https://openalex.org/W2167834651","https://openalex.org/W2320112025","https://openalex.org/W2494495455","https://openalex.org/W4249426557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087292329","https://openalex.org/W6963865426","https://openalex.org/W2068126272","https://openalex.org/W2004805246","https://openalex.org/W3015601666","https://openalex.org/W1986014082","https://openalex.org/W3042503964","https://openalex.org/W2165621597","https://openalex.org/W2090720773","https://openalex.org/W2000792726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Educators":[0],"and":[1,19,78,92,102,107,116,127,142,177,196,200,218,225,250,263,337,341,352,363,368,399,412,487,513,517,522,526,528,532,550,581,601,617,631],"psychologists":[2],"have":[3,88],"extolled":[4],"the":[5,28,44,55,58,114,121,124,139,151,162,208,227,265,276,280,325,331,405,408,413,426,430,506],"benefits":[6],"of":[7,47,54,119,123,138,154,223,229,273,301,333,407,429,547,553,629],"active":[8,69,166,302,509,534,572,596],"learning":[9,16,41,298],"techniques":[10],"such":[11,98],"as":[12,99,323,576],"organizing":[13],"material,":[14],"self-explaining,":[15],"through":[17],"experience,":[18],"practicing":[20],"retrieval":[21,46],"for":[22,95,171,212,238,247,260,307,366,387,396,418,565,608,613,620,626],"years.":[23],"Underlying":[24],"these":[25,133],"strategies":[26],"is":[27,147],"generation":[29,56,70,82,125,140,167,206,210,234,254,282,334,374,384,410,416,431,510,535,561,573,597,633],"effect,":[30,57,126,141],"an":[31,434,557],"encoding":[32,541],"phenomenon":[33],"in":[34,149,164,226,287,310,316,324,358,433,584,594],"which":[35,165,279,595],"actively":[36],"generating":[37,457],"rather":[38,51,295,319],"than":[39,296,320],"passively":[40],"information":[42,315],"improves":[43],"subsequent":[45],"item":[48,76,172,175,213,367,376,529,563,580,609],"information.":[49,179],"Despite":[50],"extensive":[52],"analysis":[53],"processes":[59,314,549],"underlying":[60,129],"it":[61,577],"are":[62],"not":[63],"fully":[64],"understood.":[65],"Theories":[66],"suggest":[67],"that":[68,291,313,477,508,589],"increases":[71,511],"cognitive":[72,230,514,548],"effort,":[73],"conceptual":[74,521,599],"processing,":[75,604],"distinctiveness,":[77],"semantic":[79,523],"processing.":[80],"Further,":[81,132,253],"has":[83],"also":[84,329],"been":[85],"shown":[86],"to":[87,160,257,278,285,421,452,537],"varying":[89],"positive,":[90],"negative":[91,117,233,383,394,415,632],"null":[93,243],"effects":[94,118,235,244,395],"contextual":[96,178,308,615,622],"features":[97],"order,":[100],"color,":[101],"spatial":[103,338],"location,":[104],"prompting":[105],"tradeoff":[106],"transfer-appropriate":[108,144,591],"processing":[109,145,524,592,600],"accounts.":[110],"This":[111],"dissertation":[112],"investigates":[113],"positive":[115,209,281,409,630],"generation,":[120],"universality":[122,406],"its":[128],"neural":[130,427,475,554],"mechanisms.":[131],"studies":[134,274],"test":[135],"various":[136,566],"explanations":[137],"a":[143,289,293,311,317,382,473,539,544,590],"account":[146,593],"considered":[148],"detail.In":[150],"first":[152,414],"set":[153,272],"studies,":[155],"I":[156,424,587],"used":[157],"five":[158],"experiments":[159,403],"investigate":[161],"ways":[163],"can":[168],"influence":[169],"memory":[170,214,259,306,420,464,564,583,607,612,619],"information,":[173,176,610,616,623],"related":[174,261],"Employing":[180],"synonym":[181],"(e.g.,":[182,187,192,202,348,446],"ACADEMIC":[183],"-":[184,189,204,448],"SCH_L_R),":[185],"antonym":[186],"question":[188],"a____),":[190],"idiom":[191],"it's":[193,349],"raining":[194,350],"cats":[195,351],"(":[197,353],")),":[198],"picture,":[199],"category-exemplar":[201],"animal":[203],"c_t)":[205],"tasks,":[207],"effect":[211,283,332,385,411,417,432],"was":[215,255,470],"generally":[216],"robust,":[217],"persisted":[219],"over":[220],"long":[221],"periods":[222],"retention":[224],"face":[228],"distraction.":[231],"However,":[232,378,571],"were":[236,245,364],"found":[237,246,256],"font":[239],"color":[240,249,336,388,398],"memory,":[241,389],"while":[242,390],"background":[248],"location":[251,400,419],"memory.":[252,370,377,401],"impair":[258],"items":[262,266],"even":[264],"themselves":[267],"under":[268,568],"certain":[269,585],"circumstances.The":[270],"second":[271],"investigated":[275],"degree":[277],"translates":[284],"participants":[286,343,439],"China,":[288],"country":[290],"stresses":[292],"Confucian":[294],"Socratic":[297],"style":[299],"reminiscent":[300],"generation.":[303],"To":[304],"address":[305],"details":[309],"culture":[312],"field-dependent":[318],"field-independent":[321],"manner":[322],"United":[326],"States,":[327],"we":[328],"examined":[330],"on":[335],"location.":[339],"American":[340,379],"Chinese":[342,391],"read":[344,440],"or":[345,361,441],"generated":[346,442],"idioms":[347],");":[354],"\u503e\u5bb6\u8361(":[355],"))":[356],"presented":[357],"different":[359],"colors":[360],"locations,":[362],"tested":[365],"context":[369,582],"For":[371],"both":[372,397,479,579],"groups,":[373],"improved":[375,461],"individuals":[380,392],"exhibited":[381,393],"only":[386],"These":[402,502],"demonstrate":[404],"my":[422],"knowledge.Finally,":[423],"explored":[425],"basis":[428],"fMRI":[435],"study.":[436],"During":[437,466],"encoding,":[438,467],"synonyms":[443],"from":[444],"cues":[445],"GARBAGE":[447],"W_ST_).":[449],"Again,":[450],"compared":[451],"simply":[453],"reading":[454],"target":[455,458],"words,":[456],"words":[459],"significantly":[460],"later":[462],"recognition":[463],"performance.":[465],"this":[468,627],"benefit":[469],"associated":[471],"with":[472],"broad":[474,551],"network":[476],"involved":[478],"prefrontal":[480],"(inferior":[481,490],"frontal":[482,485],"gyrus,":[483,492,497],"middle":[484],"gyrus)":[486],"posterior":[488,499,518],"cortex":[489],"temporal":[491],"lateral":[493],"occipital":[494],"cortex,":[495],"parahippocampal":[496],"ventral":[498],"parietal":[500],"cortex).":[501],"results":[503],"leave":[504],"open":[505],"possibility":[507],"attention":[512],"effort":[515],"(prefrontal":[516],"cortical":[519],"activation),":[520],"(IFG":[525],"MTG),":[527],"distinctiveness":[530],"(LOC":[531],"ACC).Overall,":[533],"proved":[536],"be":[538],"powerful":[540],"strategy,":[542],"engaging":[543],"wide":[545],"range":[546],"networks":[552],"activity.":[555],"Seemingly":[556],"almost":[558],"effortless":[559],"task,":[560],"enhanced":[562],"stimuli":[567],"several":[569],"conditions.":[570],"had":[574],"limitations,":[575],"impaired":[578],"situations.":[586],"propose":[588],"promotes":[598],"reduces":[602],"perceptual":[603],"ultimately":[605],"enhancing":[606],"impairing":[611],"intrinsic":[614],"ignoring":[618],"extrinsic":[621],"best":[624],"accounts":[625],"pattern":[628],"effects.":[634]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
