{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1633813430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1191395","title":"Secrecy and the Right to Know","display_name":"Secrecy and the Right to Know","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1633813430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1191395","mag":"1633813430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1191395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1191395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1191395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765008069","display_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","issn_l":"0023-9186","issn":["0023-9186","1945-2322"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315552","host_organization_name":"Duke University School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315552","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University School of Law","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027723608","display_name":"Morton H. Halperin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morton H. Halperin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074589604","display_name":"Daniel N. Hoffman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel N. Hoffman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25193683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"3","first_page":"132","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12986","display_name":"Administrative Law and Governance","score":0.5410000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12986","display_name":"Administrative Law and Governance","score":0.5410000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14288","display_name":"Law, Rights, and Freedoms","score":0.26269999146461487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13445","display_name":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","score":0.13210000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-secrecy","display_name":"government secrecy","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-know","display_name":"right to know","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congressional-oversight","display_name":"congressional oversight","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-branch","display_name":"executive branch","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-security","display_name":"national security","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-information","display_name":"public information","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congressional-committees","display_name":"congressional committees","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-secrecy","display_name":"intelligence secrecy","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-accountability","display_name":"public accountability","score":0.3529999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.8412625789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7333687","display_name":"Right to know","level":2,"score":0.7365754842758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.48568758368492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4836881756782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.45753246545791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.41175612807273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39771223068237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3614974915981293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2152128517627716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1561029851436615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1191395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1191395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1191395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765008069","display_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","issn_l":"0023-9186","issn":["0023-9186","1945-2322"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315552","host_organization_name":"Duke University School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315552","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University School of Law","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.duke.edu:lcp-3489","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol40/iss3/5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402048","display_name":"Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W155634111","https://openalex.org/W7111971155","https://openalex.org/W7042638337","https://openalex.org/W4246650281","https://openalex.org/W134277509","https://openalex.org/W4239325000","https://openalex.org/W2333324314","https://openalex.org/W2115457200","https://openalex.org/W4229909295","https://openalex.org/W4378188998"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,234],"public's":[1],"right":[224],"to":[3,93,108,165,218,230,240,256],"know":[4],"has":[5,130,147,161,281],"always":[6],"been":[7,148,162,180],"a":[8,53,65,87,132,187],"basic":[9],"tenet":[10],"of":[11,26,43,55,73,90,169,185,206,215,225,236,261,291],"American":[12],"political":[13],"theory.":[14],"A":[15],"healthy":[16,258],"democracy":[17],"requires":[18],"public":[19,113,137,229,259],"participation":[20],"in":[21,52,64,71,101,142,272,284],"the":[22,47,74,102,116,167,170,175,178,195,207,222,228,257,268,278],"formulation":[23],"and":[24,34,79,120,125,154,227,293],"administration":[25],"government":[27],"policy.":[28],"Full":[29,144],"information":[30,274],"about":[31],"policy":[32,138],"proposals":[33],"debate":[35,260],"over":[36],"alternatives":[37],"ensure":[38],"popular":[39],"consent.":[40],"Public":[41],"examination":[42],"ongoing":[44],"programs":[45],"ensures":[46],"government's":[48],"accountability.":[49],"Of":[50],"course,":[51,186],"country":[54],"any":[56],"size,":[57],"such":[58],"tasks":[59],"can":[60],"best":[61],"be":[62,219,231],"performed":[63],"representative":[66],"forum.":[67],"Thus":[68],"Congress,":[69,174],"acting":[70],"behalf":[72],"public,":[75,275],"should":[76],"first":[77],"direct,":[78],"then":[80],"oversee":[81],"executive":[82,208,279],"administration.":[83],"More":[84],"recently,":[85],"however,":[86,193],"competing":[88],"set":[89],"values":[91],"seems":[92],"have":[94],"received":[95],"higher":[96],"priority.":[97],"Executive":[98],"branch":[99,280],"officials-especially":[100],"national":[128],"security":[129],"agencies-have":[105],"consistently":[106],"sought":[107],"insulate":[109],"their":[110,294],"activities":[111],"from":[112],"scrutiny.":[114],"With":[115],"growing":[117],"attention":[118],"to,":[119],"presidential":[121],"conduct":[122],"of,":[123],"diplomacy":[124],"defense":[126],"policy,":[127],"become":[131],"broad":[133],"cloak":[134],"under":[135],"which":[136],"is":[139,201,212,239,254],"actually":[140],"made":[141],"private.":[143],"disclosure,":[145],"it":[146,211,286],"suggested,":[149],"would":[150],"jeopardize":[151],"diplomatic,":[152],"military,":[153],"covert":[155],"intelligence":[156],"gathering":[157],"activities.":[158],"Accordingly,":[159],"secrecy":[160,199,253],"maintained;":[163],"efforts":[164],"illuminate":[166],"workings":[168],"executive-whether":[171],"undertaken":[172],"by":[173,203],"press,":[176],"or":[177],"public-have":[179],"resisted.":[181],"National":[182],"is,":[184],"legitimate":[188],"concern.":[189],"It":[190],"does":[191],"not,":[192],"provide":[194],"blanket":[196],"justification":[197],"for":[198],"that":[200,251,264,288],"claimed":[202],"some":[204],"members":[205],"branch.":[209],"Rather,":[210],"but":[213],"one":[214],"several":[216,249],"considerations":[217,244],"weighed":[220],"against":[221],"traditional":[223],"Congress":[226,265,292],"adequately":[232],"informed.":[233],"purpose":[235],"this":[237],"paper":[238],"begin":[241,247],"weighing":[242],"these":[243],"systematically.":[245],"We":[246],"with":[248],"premises:":[250],"reduced":[252],"vital":[255],"policy;":[263],"has,":[266],"on":[267],"whole,":[269],"an":[270,282],"interest":[271,283],"making":[273],"just":[276],"as":[277],"keeping":[285],"secret;":[287],"both":[289],"houses":[290],"commit-":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
