{"id":"https://openalex.org/W163191359","doi":null,"title":"Gender Gaps and the Presence and Profitability of College Football.","display_name":"Gender Gaps and the Presence and Profitability of College Football.","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W163191359","mag":"163191359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:163191359","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ633706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76728445","display_name":"Social Science Quarterly","issn_l":"0038-4941","issn":["0038-4941","1540-6237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social Science Quarterly","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036660226","display_name":"Patrick James Rishe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrick James Rishe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036660226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3010,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3010},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78112175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"80","issue":"4","first_page":"702","last_page":"717"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.06620000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Physical Education and Sports Studies","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-football","display_name":"college football","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-gap","display_name":"gender gap","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-athletes","display_name":"female athletes","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/title-ix-compliance","display_name":"Title IX compliance","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality-test","display_name":"proportionality test","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/division-i-athletics","display_name":"Division I athletics","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-schools","display_name":"Southern schools","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-schools","display_name":"African American schools","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-participation-in-sport","display_name":"women's sports participation","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.8234379291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.6006530523300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.5325887203216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.49354493618011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4548114836215973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37181687355041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3552906811237335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33765748143196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3026372194290161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27276360988616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16085639595985413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11808621883392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.08995673060417175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:163191359","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ633706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76728445","display_name":"Social Science Quarterly","issn_l":"0038-4941","issn":["0038-4941","1540-6237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social Science Quarterly","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490464614","https://openalex.org/W2050108303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7113756468","https://openalex.org/W2113745736","https://openalex.org/W574641936","https://openalex.org/W271284701","https://openalex.org/W4415673755","https://openalex.org/W4401357016","https://openalex.org/W1969063593","https://openalex.org/W7047224400","https://openalex.org/W45471070","https://openalex.org/W378831694"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"from":[1],"the":[2,11,23,64,69,84,101],"1995-96":[3],"academic":[4],"year":[5],"for":[6,67,94],"schools":[7,95,105,109,150],"that":[8],"compete":[9],"at":[10],"Division":[12,148],"I":[13,149],"level":[14],"of":[15,27,34,52,56,118,131],"college":[16],"athletics":[17],"are":[18,63,110],"analyzed":[19],"to":[20,98,113,123],"show":[21],"how":[22],"presence":[24,128],"and":[25,37,60,106,129,137],"profitability":[26,130],"football":[28,89,97],"influence":[29,140],"female":[30,145],"athletes":[31,72],"in":[32,47,76,81,116,142],"terms":[33],"both":[35],"absolute":[36,77],"relative":[38,82],"funding":[39],"per":[40,144],"athlete,":[41],"as":[42,44,133,135],"well":[43,134],"participatory":[45],"opportunities":[46],"general.":[48],"Two-stage":[49],"least-squares":[50],"estimation":[51],"a":[53,87],"simultaneous":[54],"system":[55],"equations,":[57],"descriptive":[58],"statistics,":[59],"paired":[61],"t-tests":[62],"methods":[65],"used":[66],"analyzing":[68],"data.":[70],"Female":[71],"receive":[73],"greater":[74],"expenditures":[75],"terms,":[78,83],"but":[79],"less":[80],"more":[85,111],"prominent":[86],"school's":[88],"program.":[90],"It":[91],"is":[92],"harder":[93],"with":[96,100],"comply":[99],"proportionality":[102],"test.":[103],"Southern":[104],"African":[107],"American":[108],"likely":[112],"be":[114],"found":[115],"violation":[117],"Title":[119],"IX":[120],"rules":[121],"compared":[122],"all":[124],"other":[125],"schools.":[126],"The":[127],"football,":[132],"regional":[136],"ethnicity":[138],"considerations,":[139],"differences":[141],"spending":[143],"athlete":[146],"across":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}