{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1625841968","doi":null,"title":"Explaining long-run economic development in Africa","display_name":"Explaining long-run economic development in Africa","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1625841968","mag":"1625841968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bolt , J 2010 , ' Explaining long-run economic development in Africa : do initial conditions matter? ' , University of Groningen , Groningen .","raw_type":"book"},"volume":null,"type":"book","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065440777","display_name":"Jutta Bolt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6937"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jutta Bolt","raw_affiliation_strings":["SOM EEF"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOM EEF","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065440777"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3506,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66761364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-economic-development","display_name":"long-term economic development","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/africa","display_name":"Africa","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-institutions","display_name":"colonial institutions","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-quality","display_name":"institutional quality","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-economic-development","display_name":"history of economic development","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-records","display_name":"colonial records","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.7331314086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5578187108039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.5325238704681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.49327248334884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.46401795744895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.46237441897392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42556118965148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.325361043214798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.32377171516418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.19055774807929993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.10570979118347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bolt , J 2010 , ' Explaining long-run economic development in Africa : do initial conditions matter? ' , University of Groningen , Groningen .","raw_type":"book"},{"id":"pmh:rug:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"},{"id":"mag:1625841968","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/11424315/thesis_bolt.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2489776431","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/11424315/thesis_bolt.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/d33addf3-b72d-49ea-8953-01172b51f98c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bolt , J 2010 , ' Explaining long-run economic development in Africa : do initial conditions matter? ' , University of Groningen , Groningen .","raw_type":"book"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":144,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166512597","https://openalex.org/W582374783","https://openalex.org/W583023596","https://openalex.org/W626628868","https://openalex.org/W627088985","https://openalex.org/W1480418548","https://openalex.org/W1497786375","https://openalex.org/W1511129506","https://openalex.org/W1514127983","https://openalex.org/W1526188771","https://openalex.org/W1542712212","https://openalex.org/W1546592766","https://openalex.org/W1547230980","https://openalex.org/W1553554637","https://openalex.org/W1557318978","https://openalex.org/W1568871903","https://openalex.org/W1594729142","https://openalex.org/W1601234161","https://openalex.org/W1606741160","https://openalex.org/W1607024918","https://openalex.org/W1963813540","https://openalex.org/W1964823891","https://openalex.org/W1965520364","https://openalex.org/W1971672786","https://openalex.org/W1977408729","https://openalex.org/W1978311462","https://openalex.org/W1978403633","https://openalex.org/W1978416090","https://openalex.org/W1982108682","https://openalex.org/W1985411886","https://openalex.org/W1989194650","https://openalex.org/W1989246932","https://openalex.org/W1990631438","https://openalex.org/W1991202627","https://openalex.org/W1992791731","https://openalex.org/W1994208435","https://openalex.org/W1995138613","https://openalex.org/W1995686618","https://openalex.org/W1996778984","https://openalex.org/W2002328226","https://openalex.org/W2003156246","https://openalex.org/W2009320476","https://openalex.org/W2010152086","https://openalex.org/W2012277798","https://openalex.org/W2015930340","https://openalex.org/W2026503015","https://openalex.org/W2027231509","https://openalex.org/W2027256178","https://openalex.org/W2030720525","https://openalex.org/W2031621405","https://openalex.org/W2035245537","https://openalex.org/W2035858393","https://openalex.org/W2036951614","https://openalex.org/W2038681420","https://openalex.org/W2038955711","https://openalex.org/W2041988590","https://openalex.org/W2042226937","https://openalex.org/W2047471017","https://openalex.org/W2050785507","https://openalex.org/W2052091394","https://openalex.org/W2054236639","https://openalex.org/W2057222804","https://openalex.org/W2058201510","https://openalex.org/W2065176976","https://openalex.org/W2065237586","https://openalex.org/W2075191444","https://openalex.org/W2075192279","https://openalex.org/W2076658096","https://openalex.org/W2079222421","https://openalex.org/W2081494404","https://openalex.org/W2081760491","https://openalex.org/W2088321962","https://openalex.org/W2101303425","https://openalex.org/W2107992979","https://openalex.org/W2108433390","https://openalex.org/W2108610371","https://openalex.org/W2109034685","https://openalex.org/W2110537446","https://openalex.org/W2110621615","https://openalex.org/W2111988782","https://openalex.org/W2112023150","https://openalex.org/W2113224665","https://openalex.org/W2122929840","https://openalex.org/W2123452121","https://openalex.org/W2128615925","https://openalex.org/W2130097835","https://openalex.org/W2131499322","https://openalex.org/W2132330254","https://openalex.org/W2132724845","https://openalex.org/W2133771254","https://openalex.org/W2134677130","https://openalex.org/W2136087370","https://openalex.org/W2138522037","https://openalex.org/W2140799205","https://openalex.org/W2141498185","https://openalex.org/W2143903458","https://openalex.org/W2144533717","https://openalex.org/W2150325834","https://openalex.org/W2151483442","https://openalex.org/W2154014491","https://openalex.org/W2157522084","https://openalex.org/W2157774440","https://openalex.org/W2161681128","https://openalex.org/W2163395908","https://openalex.org/W2164642877","https://openalex.org/W2165298879","https://openalex.org/W2167224854","https://openalex.org/W2168145370","https://openalex.org/W2170050731","https://openalex.org/W2170222801","https://openalex.org/W2256948863","https://openalex.org/W2278369517","https://openalex.org/W2316106587","https://openalex.org/W2324656367","https://openalex.org/W2329457248","https://openalex.org/W2485584834","https://openalex.org/W2489930304","https://openalex.org/W2491264846","https://openalex.org/W2497443895","https://openalex.org/W2502423338","https://openalex.org/W2506713865","https://openalex.org/W2529802852","https://openalex.org/W2796975034","https://openalex.org/W2890314743","https://openalex.org/W2891376438","https://openalex.org/W2891485059","https://openalex.org/W2905152820","https://openalex.org/W2955050383","https://openalex.org/W2994756033","https://openalex.org/W3022339544","https://openalex.org/W3094521286","https://openalex.org/W3121147769","https://openalex.org/W3121756379","https://openalex.org/W3121794982","https://openalex.org/W3122301572","https://openalex.org/W3122475285","https://openalex.org/W3122705141","https://openalex.org/W3122922095","https://openalex.org/W3123071216","https://openalex.org/W3123472774","https://openalex.org/W3124131699","https://openalex.org/W3125496725","https://openalex.org/W3126037482","https://openalex.org/W3212669294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1630285134","https://openalex.org/W2738684118","https://openalex.org/W2524050745","https://openalex.org/W2282145633","https://openalex.org/W2768050285","https://openalex.org/W2264732284","https://openalex.org/W2155929522","https://openalex.org/W4236470807","https://openalex.org/W2460363489","https://openalex.org/W2109034685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,6,90],"well":[2],"known":[3],"that":[4],"Africa":[5],"the":[7,11,21,27,32,64,67],"poorest":[8],"region":[9],"in":[10,13,43,47,99,106],"world":[12],"terms":[14],"of":[15,20,31,66],"income":[16],"levels":[17],"per":[18],"head":[19],"population":[22],"and":[23,46,60,79,103],"also,":[24],"on":[25,53,75],"average,":[26],"slowest":[28],"growing":[29],"continent":[30],"world.":[33],"However,":[34],"these":[35],"averages":[36],"hide":[37],"an":[38],"enormous":[39],"within-Africa":[40],"diversity":[41,55],"both":[42],"economic":[44,48,61],"performance":[45],"fundamentals.":[49],"This":[50],"thesis":[51],"focuses":[52],"this":[54],"as":[56],"we":[57,85],"analyse":[58],"institutional":[59,102],"developments":[62,105],"for":[63],"majority":[65],"African":[68],"countries":[69],"from":[70,77],"a":[71,97],"historical":[72],"perspective,":[73],"based":[74],"data":[76],"anthropological":[78],"colonial":[80,94],"records.":[81],"The":[82],"main":[83],"question":[84],"are":[86],"trying":[87],"to":[88],"answer":[89],"how":[91],"early":[92],"(pre-)":[93],"institutions":[95],"play":[96],"role":[98],"explaining":[100],"long-term":[101],"eco\u00acnomic":[104],"Africa.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}