{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1624070360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","title":"U.S. Multinational Activity Abroad and U.S. Jobs: Substitutes or Complements?","display_name":"U.S. Multinational Activity Abroad and U.S. Jobs: Substitutes or Complements?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1624070360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","mag":"1624070360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00471.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174105208","display_name":"Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society","issn_l":"0019-8676","issn":["0019-8676","1468-232X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00471.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015883568","display_name":"Ann Harrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-2432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-2432"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ANN E. HARRISON","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029405627","display_name":"Margaret McMillan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MARGARET S. MCMILLAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Tufts University, Medford Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Tufts University, Medford Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091572367","display_name":"Clair Null","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-536X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-536X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CLAIR NULL","raw_affiliation_strings":["NBER, University of California, Berkeley, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NBER, University of California, Berkeley, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3470,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3470},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.2518,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98012139,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"2","first_page":"235","last_page":"253"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.6128000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.6128000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.3467000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14503","display_name":"Globalization, Economics, and Policies","score":0.02889999933540821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-employment","display_name":"manufacturing employment","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-sector-employment","display_name":"service sector employment","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-level-data","display_name":"firm-level data","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-sector","display_name":"transport sector","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-contraction","display_name":"employment contraction","score":0.3529999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.782875657081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38935604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330363","display_name":"Stylized fact","level":2,"score":0.7825632095336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.6098382472991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.535006582736969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.47089603543281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4580809473991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780370025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282773","display_name":"Labor mobility","level":2,"score":0.4286084473133087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4253038167953491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.33434319496154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3305058181285858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32039526104927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.17650631070137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.12716689705848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00471.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174105208","display_name":"Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society","issn_l":"0019-8676","issn":["0019-8676","1468-232X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1142/9789811239472_0010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811239472_0010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811239472_0010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186249","display_name":"World Scientific Studies in International Economics","issn_l":"1793-3641","issn":["1793-3641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Scientific Studies in International Economics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai::36277","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36277/1/MPRA_paper_36277.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36277/1/MPRA_paper_36277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pra:mprapa:36277","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36277/1/MPRA_paper_36277.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36277/1/MPRA_paper_36277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/40527","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/40527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"46","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:mgmt_papers-1115","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers/58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Management Papers","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1624070360","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36277/1/MPRA_paper_36277.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00471.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00471.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174105208","display_name":"Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society","issn_l":"0019-8676","issn":["0019-8676","1468-232X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332388","display_name":"Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1624070360.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1624070360.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490226430","https://openalex.org/W1519442521","https://openalex.org/W1549447585","https://openalex.org/W1587070661","https://openalex.org/W2019071786","https://openalex.org/W2029347888","https://openalex.org/W2029677911","https://openalex.org/W2062561513","https://openalex.org/W2093770402","https://openalex.org/W2109551463","https://openalex.org/W2116193718","https://openalex.org/W2133055958","https://openalex.org/W2240202731","https://openalex.org/W3021362030","https://openalex.org/W3121585012","https://openalex.org/W3123886613","https://openalex.org/W3126092002","https://openalex.org/W3149287078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3141786610","https://openalex.org/W1514906325","https://openalex.org/W1519442521","https://openalex.org/W3121726823","https://openalex.org/W4299585192","https://openalex.org/W2094851670","https://openalex.org/W2890286274","https://openalex.org/W2006847968","https://openalex.org/W2903021804","https://openalex.org/W3121773080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Critics":[0],"of":[1,12,38,78,102,109,144,274],"globalization":[2,275],"claim":[3],"that":[4,61,106,141,154,195,218,241],"firms":[5,54,153,179],"are":[6],"being":[7],"driven":[8,206],"by":[9,75,208],"the":[10,24,36,46,76,100,107,110,114,164,189,196,272],"prospects":[11],"cheaper":[13],"labor":[14,17],"and":[15,43,57,94,121,138,167,180,182,201,237,258,264],"lower":[16],"standards":[18],"to":[19,49,149,188,247],"shift":[20],"employment":[21,91,143,159,169,220,228],"abroad.":[22,95],"Yet":[23],"evidence,":[25],"beyond":[26],"anecdotes,":[27],"is":[28,130,147],"slim.":[29],"This":[30,192],"paper":[31],"reports":[32],"stylized":[33],"facts":[34],"on":[35,53,99,113,276],"activities":[37],"U.S.":[39,89,145,200,227,244,262,277],"multinationals":[40,104,146],"at":[41,92,136],"home":[42,93,137],"abroad":[44],"for":[45,67,174,226,285],"years":[47],"1977":[48],"1999.":[50],"We":[51],"focus":[52],"in":[55,82,119,126,156,163,221,229,250,256],"manufacturing":[56,213],"services,":[58],"two":[59],"sectors":[60],"have":[62],"received":[63],"extensive":[64],"media":[65],"attention":[66],"supposedly":[68],"exporting":[69],"jobs.":[70],"Using":[71],"firm\u2010level":[72],"data":[73,187],"collected":[74],"Bureau":[77],"Economic":[79],"Analysis":[80],"(BEA)":[81],"Washington,":[83],"D.C.,":[84],"we":[85,184],"report":[86],"correlations":[87],"between":[88,117,134,199,261],"multinational":[90],"Preliminary":[96],"evidence":[97],"based":[98],"operations":[101],"these":[103],"suggests":[105],"sign":[108],"correlation":[111,133],"depends":[112],"crucial":[115],"distinction":[116],"affiliates":[118,125,249],"high\u2010income":[120,127],"low\u2010income":[122],"countries.":[123],"For":[124,152],"countries":[128,223],"there":[129,242],"a":[131,209],"positive":[132],"jobs":[135,203,245,278],"abroad,":[139],"suggesting":[140],"foreign":[142,202,219,248],"complementary":[148],"domestic":[150],"employment.":[151],"operate":[155],"developing":[157,222],"countries,":[158],"has":[160,170,204,224],"been":[161,205],"cut":[162],"United":[165],"States,":[166],"affiliate":[168],"increased.":[171],"To":[172],"account":[173],"firm":[175],"size,":[176],"substitution":[177],"across":[178,211],"entry":[181],"exit,":[183],"aggregate":[185],"our":[186],"industry":[190],"level.":[191],"exercise":[193],"reveals":[194,217],"observed":[197],"\u201ccomplementarity\u201d":[198],"largely":[207],"contraction":[210],"all":[212],"sectors.":[214],"It":[215],"also":[216],"substituted":[225],"several":[230],"highly":[231],"visible":[232],"industries,":[233],"including":[234],"computers,":[235],"electronics,":[236],"transportation.":[238],"The":[239],"fact":[240],"were":[243],"lost":[246],"key":[251],"sectors,":[252],"despite":[253,281],"broad":[254],"complementarity":[255],"hiring":[257],"firing":[259],"decisions":[260],"parents":[263],"their":[265],"affiliates,":[266],"helps":[267],"explain":[268],"why":[269],"economists":[270],"view":[271],"impact":[273],"as":[279],"benign":[280],"negative":[282],"news":[283],"coverage":[284],"declining":[286],"industries.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}