{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1619089413","doi":null,"title":"Profile based student authentication in online examination","display_name":"Profile based student authentication in online examination","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1619089413","mag":"1619089413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:13541","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/13541/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/13541/1/i_society2012.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101831681","display_name":"Abrar Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-0769","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-0769"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abrar Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-0769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012012331","display_name":"Hannan Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-6679","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-6679"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannan Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-6679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071965835","display_name":"Mariana Lilley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-0218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-0218"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariana Lilley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-0218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9953,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91975684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"109","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-examinations","display_name":"online examinations","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-authentication","display_name":"student authentication","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-learning-environments","display_name":"virtual learning environments","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-learning","display_name":"online learning","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-integrity","display_name":"academic integrity","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cheating-prevention","display_name":"cheating prevention","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.8152236938476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.754321813583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.648156464099884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5786869525909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.43498650193214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39779746532440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.37263810634613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3539736568927765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.2811208665370941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:13541","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/13541/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/9927","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/9927","pdf_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/13541/1/i_society2012.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.896.9207","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.896.9207","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/9927/i_society2012.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D8070F135AA62500E10689D554B65F79C?sequence%3D1","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3145963643","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.ieee-000006285058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419565","display_name":"International Conference on Information Society","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Information Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:1619089413","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9840042.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419565","display_name":"International Conference on Information Society","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Information Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/9927","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/9927","pdf_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/13541/1/i_society2012.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1619089413.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1619089413.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169113963","https://openalex.org/W1963672499","https://openalex.org/W2021337165","https://openalex.org/W2024562548","https://openalex.org/W2074321462","https://openalex.org/W2082893531","https://openalex.org/W2085736322","https://openalex.org/W2099783396","https://openalex.org/W2106291114","https://openalex.org/W2138967573","https://openalex.org/W2145239266","https://openalex.org/W2147625760","https://openalex.org/W2151471312","https://openalex.org/W2153099918","https://openalex.org/W2164918531","https://openalex.org/W2546735380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096849356","https://openalex.org/W2186656359","https://openalex.org/W2540768097","https://openalex.org/W2162328740","https://openalex.org/W2087130007","https://openalex.org/W2127430457","https://openalex.org/W2068089411","https://openalex.org/W1455143883","https://openalex.org/W2284054893","https://openalex.org/W2061022776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"\u2014":[1],"Online":[2],"examination":[3,30],"is":[4,15,34,106],"an":[5],"increasingly":[6],"important":[7],"component":[8],"of":[9,20,62,74,88,110],"online":[10,25,29,56,91,118],"courses,":[11],"and":[12,36,60,66,83,101,103],"student":[13],"authentication":[14,53,64,77,87],"widely":[16],"seen":[17],"as":[18],"one":[19],"the":[21,28,72,86],"major":[22],"concerns":[23],"for":[24,85],"examinations.":[26,92],"In":[27],"scenario,":[31],"face-to-face":[32],"supervision":[33],"absent,":[35],"students":[37,89],"may":[38],"attempt":[39],"to":[40,44,51,55],"use":[41,73],"third":[42],"party":[43],"increase":[45],"their":[46],"score.":[47],"The":[48,93],"paper":[49],"aims":[50],"investigate":[52],"challenges":[54],"examinations,":[57],"review":[58],"benefits":[59],"constraints":[61],"existing":[63],"traits,":[65],"discuss":[67],"alternative":[68],"techniques.":[69],"We":[70],"propose":[71],"profile":[75,97],"based":[76,98],"framework":[78],"(PBAF)":[79],"together":[80],"with":[81],"user-id":[82,102],"password":[84],"during":[90],"proposed":[94],"solution":[95],"utilizes":[96],"challenge":[99,122],"questions":[100,123],"password,":[104],"which":[105],"verified":[107],"by":[108],"development":[109],"PBAF":[111],"in":[112],"a":[113],"virtual":[114],"learning":[115],"environment.":[116],"Keywords\u2014Authentication,":[117],"examination,":[119],"e-learning,":[120],"profile,":[121],"I.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}