{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1618440422","doi":null,"title":"A standardized framework for evaluating the skill of regional climate downscaling techniques","display_name":"A standardized framework for evaluating the skill of regional climate downscaling techniques","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1618440422","mag":"1618440422"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/16044","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/16044","pdf_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/16102/bitstreams/57659/data.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401358","display_name":"Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois System","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/16102/bitstreams/57659/data.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085599162","display_name":"Katharine Hayhoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3625-1402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3625-1402"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Katharine Hayhoe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3625-1402","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085599162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8529,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76514726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10439","display_name":"Climate change impacts on agriculture","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamical-downscaling","display_name":"dynamical downscaling","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-downscaling","display_name":"statistical downscaling","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-method","display_name":"delta method","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-correction","display_name":"bias correction","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-heat-days","display_name":"extreme heat days","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-america","display_name":"North America","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-impact-assessment","display_name":"climate impact assessment","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-in-climate-projections","display_name":"uncertainty in climate projections","score":0.5}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.7556403279304504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4414750039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3886139690876007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3428480327129364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3363485336303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2501090168952942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.21854087710380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.17942479252815247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11728817224502563}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/16044","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/16044","pdf_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/16102/bitstreams/57659/data.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401358","display_name":"Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois System","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.894.8918","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.894.8918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/16044/1_Hayhoe_Katharine.pdf?sequence%3D2","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1618440422","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......137H/abstract","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/16044","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/16044","pdf_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/16102/bitstreams/57659/data.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401358","display_name":"Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois System","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1618440422.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1618440422.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":376,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196317030","https://openalex.org/W333220727","https://openalex.org/W1502543193","https://openalex.org/W1505712443","https://openalex.org/W1518504097","https://openalex.org/W1521719052","https://openalex.org/W1532233165","https://openalex.org/W1561186175","https://openalex.org/W1568718308","https://openalex.org/W1573777596","https://openalex.org/W1577683598","https://openalex.org/W1577714470","https://openalex.org/W1594753289","https://openalex.org/W1630536156","https://openalex.org/W1634556243","https://openalex.org/W1662851887","https://openalex.org/W1678947070","https://openalex.org/W1963624875","https://openalex.org/W1964173628","https://openalex.org/W1964372229","https://openalex.org/W1964557443","https://openalex.org/W1965856952","https://openalex.org/W1966619572","https://openalex.org/W1969105389","https://openalex.org/W1969370851","https://openalex.org/W1969753629","https://openalex.org/W1969928762","https://openalex.org/W1970700075","https://openalex.org/W1971664171","https://openalex.org/W1972074159","https://openalex.org/W1972986139","https://openalex.org/W1973022798","https://openalex.org/W1975223066","https://openalex.org/W1975311440","https://openalex.org/W1976073334","https://openalex.org/W1976491287","https://openalex.org/W1977546021","https://openalex.org/W1977763910","https://openalex.org/W1977931438","https://openalex.org/W1978194852","https://openalex.org/W1980226162","https://openalex.org/W1980290014","https://openalex.org/W1981126284","https://openalex.org/W1982557282","https://openalex.org/W1983477715","https://openalex.org/W1983935102","https://openalex.org/W1984909515","https://openalex.org/W1984958375","https://openalex.org/W1985213237","https://openalex.org/W1987447729","https://openalex.org/W1987450838","https://openalex.org/W1988847774","https://openalex.org/W1989729036","https://openalex.org/W1990445846","https://openalex.org/W1991264103","https://openalex.org/W1991644967","https://openalex.org/W1992442607","https://openalex.org/W1992659833","https://openalex.org/W1992992910","https://openalex.org/W1993613883","https://openalex.org/W1994785297","https://openalex.org/W1995156924","https://openalex.org/W1995797217","https://openalex.org/W1996528315","https://openalex.org/W1996629671","https://openalex.org/W1997006702","https://openalex.org/W1997385406","https://openalex.org/W1998695032","https://openalex.org/W1998995167","https://openalex.org/W1999126617","https://openalex.org/W1999928813","https://openalex.org/W2001039352","https://openalex.org/W2001343457","https://openalex.org/W2001615846","https://openalex.org/W2001972126","https://openalex.org/W2002112317","https://openalex.org/W2003164867","https://openalex.org/W2003453695","https://openalex.org/W2003711641","https://openalex.org/W2005192596","https://openalex.org/W2005890219","https://openalex.org/W2005900208","https://openalex.org/W2007615185","https://openalex.org/W2007670599","https://openalex.org/W2008111288","https://openalex.org/W2008368499","https://openalex.org/W2008629046","https://openalex.org/W2009442089","https://openalex.org/W2009863570","https://openalex.org/W2010223708","https://openalex.org/W2010436959","https://openalex.org/W2010630919","https://openalex.org/W2010816474","https://openalex.org/W2011417486","https://openalex.org/W2012000704","https://openalex.org/W2012218528","https://openalex.org/W2013324267","https://openalex.org/W2014944571","https://openalex.org/W2015075037","https://openalex.org/W2015475130","https://openalex.org/W2015735237","https://openalex.org/W2015834247","https://openalex.org/W2016295668","https://openalex.org/W2016380283","https://openalex.org/W2016406377","https://openalex.org/W2017142512","https://openalex.org/W2017694618","https://openalex.org/W2017741463","https://openalex.org/W2019097137","https://openalex.org/W2019212285","https://openalex.org/W2019507572","https://openalex.org/W2020098188","https://openalex.org/W2020180741","https://openalex.org/W2020342387","https://openalex.org/W2021898789","https://openalex.org/W2022400050","https://openalex.org/W2022680011","https://openalex.org/W2022859265","https://openalex.org/W2023171061","https://openalex.org/W2023647996","https://openalex.org/W2023819954","https://openalex.org/W2024569839","https://openalex.org/W2025301749","https://openalex.org/W2025552181","https://openalex.org/W2026058014","https://openalex.org/W2026074853","https://openalex.org/W2026156015","https://openalex.org/W2026797428","https://openalex.org/W2027247144","https://openalex.org/W2027312235","https://openalex.org/W2028216112","https://openalex.org/W2030423565","https://openalex.org/W2031347748","https://openalex.org/W2031520219","https://openalex.org/W2032530603","https://openalex.org/W2032685552","https://openalex.org/W2033012550","https://openalex.org/W2033186302","https://openalex.org/W2033257654","https://openalex.org/W2033326107","https://openalex.org/W2034229104","https://openalex.org/W2034655256","https://openalex.org/W2035284327","https://openalex.org/W2035389996","https://openalex.org/W2035604946","https://openalex.org/W2036631929","https://openalex.org/W2038507812","https://openalex.org/W2039350738","https://openalex.org/W2040903431","https://openalex.org/W2041250127","https://openalex.org/W2041792975","https://openalex.org/W2042195455","https://openalex.org/W2042320239","https://openalex.org/W2042607630","https://openalex.org/W2042862265","https://openalex.org/W2043791726","https://openalex.org/W2043988651","https://openalex.org/W2044317239","https://openalex.org/W2045805741","https://openalex.org/W2047081071","https://openalex.org/W2047988816","https://openalex.org/W2048059155","https://openalex.org/W2049375490","https://openalex.org/W2049377387","https://openalex.org/W2049435353","https://openalex.org/W2052268511","https://openalex.org/W2052616184","https://openalex.org/W2052616784","https://openalex.org/W2052631943","https://openalex.org/W2052852820","https://openalex.org/W2053310237","https://openalex.org/W2053909309","https://openalex.org/W2053974573","https://openalex.org/W2054413267","https://openalex.org/W2055695879","https://openalex.org/W2056558870","https://openalex.org/W2057346367","https://openalex.org/W2060917856","https://openalex.org/W2061618897","https://openalex.org/W2061697241","https://openalex.org/W2061940346","https://openalex.org/W2062492328","https://openalex.org/W2063130417","https://openalex.org/W2063200147","https://openalex.org/W2063259061","https://openalex.org/W2063683139","https://openalex.org/W2065128000","https://openalex.org/W2065326229","https://openalex.org/W2065476002","https://openalex.org/W2065610740","https://openalex.org/W2066691418","https://openalex.org/W2067306257","https://openalex.org/W2067693645","https://openalex.org/W2067769029","https://openalex.org/W2067971548","https://openalex.org/W2068029846","https://openalex.org/W2068689590","https://openalex.org/W2068721020","https://openalex.org/W2069875043","https://openalex.org/W2069960168","https://openalex.org/W2070665882","https://openalex.org/W2070735656","https://openalex.org/W2071126503","https://openalex.org/W2072432058","https://openalex.org/W2074221905","https://openalex.org/W2074389283","https://openalex.org/W2074665127","https://openalex.org/W2074770406","https://openalex.org/W2076498059","https://openalex.org/W2076598343","https://openalex.org/W2077746814","https://openalex.org/W2078061526","https://openalex.org/W2078203090","https://openalex.org/W2079252550","https://openalex.org/W2079341516","https://openalex.org/W2079686124","https://openalex.org/W2079947941","https://openalex.org/W2081502617","https://openalex.org/W2081641490","https://openalex.org/W2082289766","https://openalex.org/W2083309719","https://openalex.org/W2083739572","https://openalex.org/W2084659960","https://openalex.org/W2085923181","https://openalex.org/W2086018685","https://openalex.org/W2086175162","https://openalex.org/W2086386232","https://openalex.org/W2086734237","https://openalex.org/W2088179986","https://openalex.org/W2088902948","https://openalex.org/W2089108577","https://openalex.org/W2090191602","https://openalex.org/W2092128325","https://openalex.org/W2092592933","https://openalex.org/W2093141926","https://openalex.org/W2093294976","https://openalex.org/W2094087999","https://openalex.org/W2094678373","https://openalex.org/W2094794852","https://openalex.org/W2095054126","https://openalex.org/W2095176073","https://openalex.org/W2095320314","https://openalex.org/W2095641684","https://openalex.org/W2096985003","https://openalex.org/W2097040965","https://openalex.org/W2097091776","https://openalex.org/W2097517464","https://openalex.org/W2099054677","https://openalex.org/W2099092249","https://openalex.org/W2100956194","https://openalex.org/W2101036997","https://openalex.org/W2101077148","https://openalex.org/W2101082048","https://openalex.org/W2101484419","https://openalex.org/W2102145495","https://openalex.org/W2102647403","https://openalex.org/W2104658141","https://openalex.org/W2104818818","https://openalex.org/W2105355866","https://openalex.org/W2105516599","https://openalex.org/W2105902708","https://openalex.org/W2107123601","https://openalex.org/W2107179821","https://openalex.org/W2107513419","https://openalex.org/W2107578555","https://openalex.org/W2107600083","https://openalex.org/W2107629454","https://openalex.org/W2108294239","https://openalex.org/W2109480392","https://openalex.org/W2110966033","https://openalex.org/W2112796744","https://openalex.org/W2113038934","https://openalex.org/W2114273257","https://openalex.org/W2114473878","https://openalex.org/W2114725858","https://openalex.org/W2115189669","https://openalex.org/W2115439584","https://openalex.org/W2116632035","https://openalex.org/W2118391209","https://openalex.org/W2118710522","https://openalex.org/W2118975352","https://openalex.org/W2119005709","https://openalex.org/W2119167300","https://openalex.org/W2121177637","https://openalex.org/W2122340878","https://openalex.org/W2122414389","https://openalex.org/W2122997902","https://openalex.org/W2123058372","https://openalex.org/W2124007450","https://openalex.org/W2124696791","https://openalex.org/W2125649838","https://openalex.org/W2125874075","https://openalex.org/W2125911559","https://openalex.org/W2126728051","https://openalex.org/W2126867085","https://openalex.org/W2127879662","https://openalex.org/W2128264448","https://openalex.org/W2129180338","https://openalex.org/W2130751745","https://openalex.org/W2131228009","https://openalex.org/W2132111366","https://openalex.org/W2132893580","https://openalex.org/W2133262218","https://openalex.org/W2133439551","https://openalex.org/W2134543072","https://openalex.org/W2136456464","https://openalex.org/W2136529685","https://openalex.org/W2136989398","https://openalex.org/W2139873901","https://openalex.org/W2141677447","https://openalex.org/W2141756196","https://openalex.org/W2143082107","https://openalex.org/W2144793690","https://openalex.org/W2145070017","https://openalex.org/W2145710352","https://openalex.org/W2146845471","https://openalex.org/W2147373950","https://openalex.org/W2147726127","https://openalex.org/W2148282397","https://openalex.org/W2148997609","https://openalex.org/W2149212955","https://openalex.org/W2150234230","https://openalex.org/W2150272038","https://openalex.org/W2150303148","https://openalex.org/W2151796954","https://openalex.org/W2151811872","https://openalex.org/W2153381864","https://openalex.org/W2153529786","https://openalex.org/W2153808680","https://openalex.org/W2155245376","https://openalex.org/W2156191780","https://openalex.org/W2156351447","https://openalex.org/W2156843080","https://openalex.org/W2159135843","https://openalex.org/W2159689047","https://openalex.org/W2159800347","https://openalex.org/W2160235347","https://openalex.org/W2160917851","https://openalex.org/W2161433330","https://openalex.org/W2163145639","https://openalex.org/W2164419780","https://openalex.org/W2166428194","https://openalex.org/W2167022028","https://openalex.org/W2167564736","https://openalex.org/W2167606718","https://openalex.org/W2167955883","https://openalex.org/W2169690505","https://openalex.org/W2170584765","https://openalex.org/W2171071998","https://openalex.org/W2171574804","https://openalex.org/W2171692947","https://openalex.org/W2172157389","https://openalex.org/W2172380210","https://openalex.org/W2172838630","https://openalex.org/W2173130656","https://openalex.org/W2173639618","https://openalex.org/W2174132594","https://openalex.org/W2175820518","https://openalex.org/W2176970375","https://openalex.org/W2177373679","https://openalex.org/W2178184892","https://openalex.org/W2179261399","https://openalex.org/W2179874655","https://openalex.org/W2179897224","https://openalex.org/W2180272227","https://openalex.org/W2180458389","https://openalex.org/W2180520229","https://openalex.org/W2181049792","https://openalex.org/W2228148091","https://openalex.org/W2466856611","https://openalex.org/W2605140704","https://openalex.org/W2616615537","https://openalex.org/W2780976329","https://openalex.org/W2796224940","https://openalex.org/W4236259219","https://openalex.org/W4254187524"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2228315858","https://openalex.org/W3012138053","https://openalex.org/W2357110554","https://openalex.org/W2508211214","https://openalex.org/W7128814120","https://openalex.org/W2143082107","https://openalex.org/W2989786381","https://openalex.org/W3089186874","https://openalex.org/W4380135897","https://openalex.org/W2292437018"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Regional":[0],"climate":[1,23,472,586],"impact":[2,14,57,94,351,473,547],"assessments":[3],"require":[4],"high-resolution":[5],"projections":[6,274],"to":[7,51,93,100,169,184,197,262,282,355,402,408,437,443,517,523,541,546,580],"resolve":[8],"local":[9],"factors":[10],"that":[11,96,239,348,378],"modify":[12],"the":[13,38,154,186,222,267,276,280,296,329,333,358,381,384,397,417,427,431,445,489,498,515,524],"of":[15,32,41,63,88,153,158,165,175,188,248,258,279,286,307,332,373,383,414,430,470,491,555,571,585],"global-scale":[16],"forcing.":[17],"To":[18,71],"generate":[19],"these":[20,171],"projections,":[21,416],"global":[22,214],"model":[24,215],"simulations":[25],"are":[26,264,322,340],"commonly":[27],"downscaled":[28,69],"using":[29],"a":[30,73,89,102,111,151,163,193,198,303,361,462,582],"variety":[31],"statistical":[33,167,241],"and":[34,65,78,117,125,134,146,156,178,221,251,271,289,315,404,478,535,557,564,573,577,590],"dynamical":[35],"techniques.":[36],"Despite":[37],"essential":[39],"role":[40],"downscaling":[42,54,80,190,219,287,297,320,364,394,422,455,492,588],"in":[43,203,293,343,357,475,480,514],"regional":[44,471,525],"assessments,":[45],"there":[46],"is":[47,229,243,291,300,352],"no":[48],"standard":[49],"approach":[50,196,365],"evaluating":[52,77],"various":[53],"methods.":[55,395,456],"Hence,":[56],"communities":[58],"often":[59],"have":[60],"little":[61],"awareness":[62],"limitations":[64,479],"uncertainties":[66],"associated":[67],"with":[68],"projections.":[70],"develop":[72],"standardized":[74,463],"framework":[75,183,281,465,510],"for":[76,266,275,449,494,527,532],"comparing":[79],"approaches,":[81],"I":[82,161,180,457,505],"first":[83],"identify":[84],"three":[85],"primary":[86],"characteristics":[87],"distribution":[90,331],"directly":[91,544],"relevant":[92,545],"analyses":[95],"can":[97],"be":[98,512],"used":[99,299],"evaluate":[101,170,185,581],"simulated":[103],"variable":[104],"such":[105,128,140,238,366,549],"as":[106,129,141,302,367,482,484,550],"temperature":[107,206,556],"or":[108,132,313,538,566,579],"precipitation":[109,131,572],"at":[110,207,226,426],"given":[112],"location:":[113],"(1)":[114,295],"annual,":[115],"seasonal,":[116],"monthly":[118],"mean":[119],"values;":[120],"(2)":[121,316],"thresholds,":[122],"extreme":[123,446],"values,":[124],"accumulated":[126],"quantities":[127],"24h":[130],"degree-days;":[133],"(3)":[135],"persistence,":[136],"reflecting":[137],"multi-day":[138],"events":[139],"heat":[142,447,551],"waves,":[143],"cold":[144],"spells,":[145],"wet":[147],"periods.":[148],"Based":[149],"on":[150,245,253,328,380],"survey":[152],"literature":[155],"solicitation":[157],"expert":[159],"opinion,":[160],"select":[162],"set":[164,247,257],"ten":[166],"tests":[168,326,377,531],"characteristics,":[172],"including":[173,530],"measures":[174],"error,":[176],"skill,":[177],"correlation.":[179],"apply":[181],"this":[182,283,502,508],"skill":[187],"four":[189],"methods,":[191,589],"from":[192],"simple":[194,363,391,434],"delta":[195],"complex":[199,454],"asynchronous":[200],"quantile":[201],"regression,":[202],"simulating":[204,344],"daily":[205],"twenty":[208],"stations":[209],"across":[210,539],"North":[211],"America.":[212],"Identical":[213],"fields":[216],"force":[217],"each":[218,227,240],"method,":[220],"historical":[223,249,268],"observational":[224],"record":[225],"location":[228,312,403],"randomly":[230],"divided":[231],"by":[232,459,501,529],"year":[233],"into":[234,488],"two":[235],"equal":[236],"parts,":[237],"method":[242,298],"trained":[244],"one":[246],"observations,":[250],"evaluated":[252],"an":[254,350],"entirely":[255],"independent":[256],"observations.":[259],"Biases":[260],"relative":[261],"observations":[263],"calculated":[265],"evaluation":[269,464,509],"period,":[270],"differences":[272,318,387,420],"between":[273,319,390,421],"future.":[277],"Application":[278],"broad":[284],"range":[285],"methods":[288,321,336,423,435,493],"locations":[290],"successful":[292,342],"that:":[294],"identified":[301],"more":[304,405,453,521],"important":[305],"determinant":[306],"data":[308],"quality":[309],"than":[310,452],"station":[311],"GCM;":[314],"key":[317],"made":[323],"apparent.":[324],"For":[325,376],"focusing":[327],"general":[330],"variable,":[334],"all":[335],"except":[337],"bias":[338],"correction":[339],"relatively":[341,362],"observed":[345,410],"climate,":[346],"suggesting":[347],"if":[349],"most":[353,418],"sensitive":[354,401],"changes":[356],"mean,":[359],"even":[360,520],"\u201cdelta\u201d":[368],"will":[369],"significantly":[370],"improve":[371],"simulation":[372],"local-scale":[374],"climate.":[375,411],"focus":[379],"tails":[382],"distribution,":[385,432],"however,":[386],"do":[388],"arise":[389],"vs.":[392],"quantile-based":[393],"Specifically,":[396],"latter":[398],"appears":[399],"less":[400],"consistently":[406],"able":[407],"reproduce":[409],"In":[412],"terms":[413],"future":[415,495,516],"notable":[419],"becomes":[424],"apparent":[425],"right-hand":[428],"tail":[429],"where":[433],"tend":[436],"simulate":[438],"much":[439],"greater":[440],"increases":[441],"(up":[442],"double":[444],"days,":[448],"some":[450],"locations)":[451],"conclude":[458],"discussing":[460],"how":[461,507],"may":[466],"advance":[467],"our":[468],"understanding":[469,476],"studies":[474],"biases":[477],"results,":[481],"well":[483],"providing":[485],"critical":[486],"input":[487],"selection":[490,584],"assessments.":[496],"Given":[497],"potential":[499],"exhibited":[500],"initial":[503],"test,":[504],"explore":[506],"could":[511],"expanded":[513],"make":[518],"it":[519],"useful:":[522],"scale,":[526],"example,":[528],"spatial":[533],"correlations":[534],"forcing":[536],"relationships;":[537],"variables,":[540,587],"capture":[542],"interactions":[543],"studies,":[548],"waves":[552],"(a":[553,569],"function":[554,570],"humidity,":[558],"affecting":[559,575],"human":[560],"health,":[561],"energy":[562],"demand,":[563],"agriculture)":[565],"snow":[567],"amounts":[568],"temperature,":[574],"infrastructure":[576],"ecosystems);":[578],"broader":[583],"predictor":[591],"fields.":[592]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
