{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1613801629","doi":null,"title":"Machine Intelligence, the Cost of Interstellar Travel and Fermi's Paradox","display_name":"Machine Intelligence, the Cost of Interstellar Travel and Fermi's Paradox","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1613801629","mag":"1613801629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.589.4441","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.589.4441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.lscheffer.com/qjras.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010126679","display_name":"Louis K. Scheffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-6564","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-6564"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Louis K. Scheffer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-6564","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010126679"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.021,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77357689,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":null,"first_page":"157","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12788","display_name":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12788","display_name":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12507","display_name":"Utopian, Dystopian, and Speculative Fiction","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-intelligence","display_name":"machine intelligence","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interstellar-travel","display_name":"interstellar travel","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fermi-paradox","display_name":"Fermi paradox","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-exchange","display_name":"data exchange","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-communication","display_name":"radio communication","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-costs","display_name":"energy costs","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-civilizations","display_name":"galactic civilizations","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-civilizations","display_name":"advanced civilizations","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"eavesdropping","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-colonization","display_name":"space colonization","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.6388409733772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.5721973776817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.5571594834327698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122302079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8432","display_name":"Civilization","level":2,"score":0.5214014053344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196939603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41872","display_name":"Interstellar medium","level":3,"score":0.4967227578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.444539338350296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.41917145252227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.4180060625076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4102945029735565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39800330996513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.3733861446380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.3268853425979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15486082434654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.144206702709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10710576176643372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.589.4441","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.589.4441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.lscheffer.com/qjras.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1613801629","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lscheffer.com/qjras.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764620100","display_name":"Quarterly journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8738","issn":["0035-8738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90032108","https://openalex.org/W604273633","https://openalex.org/W764986917","https://openalex.org/W1502029496","https://openalex.org/W1503612555","https://openalex.org/W1600638706","https://openalex.org/W1604039933","https://openalex.org/W1626076892","https://openalex.org/W1678269282","https://openalex.org/W1971893866","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W2000168820","https://openalex.org/W2037790427","https://openalex.org/W2042337905","https://openalex.org/W2055719390","https://openalex.org/W2058384270","https://openalex.org/W2058690002","https://openalex.org/W2072466104","https://openalex.org/W2079145130","https://openalex.org/W2086166831","https://openalex.org/W2088972087","https://openalex.org/W2094843755","https://openalex.org/W2106639850","https://openalex.org/W2121219063","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2135479785","https://openalex.org/W2169485613","https://openalex.org/W2251410821","https://openalex.org/W2483424394","https://openalex.org/W2567782165","https://openalex.org/W3051817886","https://openalex.org/W3090658711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1640322880","https://openalex.org/W7161245941","https://openalex.org/W2060964590","https://openalex.org/W7126273170","https://openalex.org/W598678023","https://openalex.org/W7105702864","https://openalex.org/W2290599869","https://openalex.org/W3011889261","https://openalex.org/W2998812230","https://openalex.org/W3004569164"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"If":[0],"machine":[1],"intelligence":[2],"is":[3,11,45,79,84,111,138,143],"possible,":[4],"and":[5,99,127,141],"the":[6,33,76,103,116],"computers":[7,15],"on":[8],"which":[9],"it":[10],"based":[12],"re-semble":[13],"today\u2019s":[14],"in":[16],"some":[17],"very":[18],"fundamental":[19],"aspects,":[20],"then":[21],"interstellar":[22,119],"travel":[23,44],"can":[24],"be":[25],"accomplished":[26],"by":[27,41,121],"data":[28,39],"exchange":[29,40],"as":[30,71],"opposed":[31,72],"to":[32,65,73],"physical":[34,52],"move-ment":[35],"of":[36,48,106,115,118],"matter.":[37],"Assuming":[38],"radio,":[42,122],"such":[43],"many":[46],"orders":[47],"magnitude":[49],"cheaper":[50],"than":[51],"travel.":[53],"This":[54,92,132],"low":[55],"cost":[56,117],"provides":[57],"a":[58,112],"huge":[59],"incentive":[60],"for":[61],"an":[62,67],"emerging":[63],"society":[64],"join":[66],"existing":[68],"galactic":[69],"civilization":[70,89,93],"physically":[74],"colonizing":[75],"galaxy.":[77,91],"It":[78],"likely,":[80],"therefore,":[81],"that":[82,135],"there":[83],"at":[85],"most":[86],"one":[87],"advanced":[88],"per":[90],"may":[94],"well":[95],"have":[96],"unified":[97],"goals":[98],"objectives,":[100],"thus":[101],"removing":[102],"strongest":[104],"underpinning":[105],"Fermi\u2019s":[107],"paradox.":[108],"Also":[109],"included":[110],"detailed":[113],"analysis":[114,133],"communication":[120,137],"considering":[123],"both":[124],"energy":[125],"costs":[126],"fixed":[128],"asset":[129],"(antenna)":[130],"costs.":[131],"shows":[134],"deliberate":[136],"quite":[139],"cheap,":[140],"eavesdropping":[142],"probably":[144],"futile.":[145],"1":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
