{"id":"https://openalex.org/W16087568","doi":null,"title":"Animal experimentation: a rational approach towards drug development.","display_name":"Animal experimentation: a rational approach towards drug development.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W16087568","mag":"16087568","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11116523"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:11116523","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11116523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of experimental biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036519404","display_name":"Vivek Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-6908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-6908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91357014","display_name":"Banaras Hindu University","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdn2797","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046445551","display_name":"Pramil N. Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-2887","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-2887"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P N Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047734157","display_name":"Brahmeshwar Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8608-2611","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8608-2611"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00303321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":"540","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11905","display_name":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-experimentation","display_name":"animal experimentation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-development","display_name":"drug development","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-animal-research","display_name":"history of animal research","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-discovery","display_name":"drug discovery","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-research-regulation","display_name":"animal research regulation","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-research-ethics","display_name":"animal research ethics","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.5308908820152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520753416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38344","display_name":"Animal testing","level":2,"score":0.47294163703918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.4533010721206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.39577075839042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.334134578704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.28521835803985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2141662836074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1501002311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.11668309569358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11161470413208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0829925537109375}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000826","descriptor_name":"Animal Testing Alternatives","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000827","descriptor_name":"Animal Welfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000827","descriptor_name":"Animal Welfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000830","descriptor_name":"Animals, Laboratory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000882","descriptor_name":"Haplorhini","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004195","descriptor_name":"Disease Models, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004353","descriptor_name":"Drug Evaluation, Preclinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007194","descriptor_name":"India","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011639","descriptor_name":"Public Opinion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014824","descriptor_name":"Vivisection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015195","descriptor_name":"Drug Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017087","descriptor_name":"Animal Rights","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023421","descriptor_name":"Models, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:11116523","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11116523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of experimental biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/935691","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://worldcatlibraries.org/registry/gateway?version=1.0&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&atitle=Animal+experimentation:+a+rational+approach+towards+drug+development&title=Indian+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology+&volume=38&issue=6&spage=548&date=2000-06&au=Kumar,+Vikas;+Singh,+P.+N.;+Mishra,+B.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:219039","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:16087568","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11116523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4699999988079071}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16523006","https://openalex.org/W66283652","https://openalex.org/W2007986071","https://openalex.org/W2069110545","https://openalex.org/W2085421537","https://openalex.org/W2288839881","https://openalex.org/W2340872702","https://openalex.org/W2463197476","https://openalex.org/W2474815589","https://openalex.org/W2520294954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949798007","https://openalex.org/W1973812668","https://openalex.org/W2567728189","https://openalex.org/W3089928566","https://openalex.org/W2315754893","https://openalex.org/W6980013288","https://openalex.org/W2558224703","https://openalex.org/W411292604","https://openalex.org/W4398772147","https://openalex.org/W2961101233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Man's":[0],"observation":[1],"of":[2,6,20,51,56,81,88,101,141,160,169,172,185,207,217],"animals":[3,22,93],"as":[4],"objects":[5],"study":[7],"undoubtedly":[8],"began":[9],"in":[10,28,30,42,45,70,118,149,166],"prehistoric":[11],"times.":[12],"The":[13,78],"first":[14],"recorded":[15],"attempt":[16,152],"involving":[17],"the":[18,39,62,71,89,97,120,136,158,167,205,208,215],"use":[19],"live":[21],"for":[23,210],"research":[24,121],"was":[25],"by":[26],"Ersistratis":[27],"Alexandria":[29],"300":[31],"B.C.":[32],"Animal":[33],"investigation":[34],"has":[35,113,176],"clearly":[36],"made":[37,154],"possible":[38],"enormous":[40],"advances":[41],"drug":[43],"development":[44,100,168],"this":[46,82,142,148,201],"century.":[47],"A":[48],"cursory":[49],"review":[50],"any":[52],"modern":[53],"text":[54],"book":[55],"pharmacology":[57],"or":[58],"medicine":[59],"will":[60,127,131,203],"attest":[61],"many":[63],"drugs":[64,102],"currently":[65],"available":[66],"to":[67,73,85,96,123,134,138,155,194],"benefit":[68],"mankind":[69],"struggle":[72],"eradicate":[74],"and":[75,99,106,144,193],"control":[76],"diseases.":[77],"main":[79],"purpose":[80],"article":[83,202],"is":[84,153],"describe":[86],"some":[87,186],"experimental":[90],"work":[91],"on":[92,180,182,191,196,214],"which":[94,163],"contributed":[95],"discovery":[98],"benefiting":[103],"human":[104],"beings":[105],"other":[107],"animal":[108,111,161,183,197,218],"species.":[109],"Since":[110],"experimentation":[112,184],"occupied":[114],"a":[115,211],"focal":[116],"position":[117],"all":[119],"leading":[122],"useful":[124],"drugs,":[125],"one":[126],"appreciate":[128],"that":[129],"it":[130],"be":[132],"necessary":[133],"limit":[135],"discussion":[137],"certain":[139],"aspects":[140],"broad":[143],"interesting":[145],"topic.":[146],"With":[147],"mind,":[150],"an":[151],"relate":[156],"briefly":[157],"nature":[159],"investigations":[162],"were":[164],"instrumental":[165],"major":[170],"classes":[171],"drugs.":[173],"Some":[174],"attention":[175],"also":[177],"been":[178],"focused":[179],"legislation's":[181],"developed":[187],"countries":[188],"with":[189],"emphasis":[190],"India":[192],"views":[195],"experimentation.":[198,219],"We":[199],"hope":[200],"stimulate":[204],"minds":[206],"scientists":[209],"rational":[212],"debate":[213],"future":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
