{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1606419656","doi":null,"title":"The Essential Facilities Doctrine Under United States Antitrust Law","display_name":"The Essential Facilities Doctrine Under United States Antitrust Law","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1606419656","mag":"1606419656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.georgetown.edu:facpub-1342","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/346","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&context=facpub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196692","display_name":"Scholarship - GEORGETOWN LAW (Georgetown University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","host_organization_name":"Georgetown University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&context=facpub","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043830094","display_name":"Robert Pitofsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Pitofsky","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068402467","display_name":"Donna R. Patterson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donna R. Patterson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076477982","display_name":"Jonathan Hooks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Hooks","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5716,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87653448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.7949000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.7949000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14362","display_name":"Diverse Legal and Medical Studies","score":0.11429999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13138","display_name":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","score":0.03480000048875809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essential-facilities-doctrine","display_name":"essential facilities doctrine","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-antitrust-law","display_name":"United States antitrust law","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-commission","display_name":"European Commission","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-essential-facilities","display_name":"access to essential facilities","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-antitrust-law","display_name":"comparative antitrust law","score":0.7519999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.5842299461364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5638817548751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.45947757363319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.45826321840286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3898330330848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.30657631158828735}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.georgetown.edu:facpub-1342","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/346","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&context=facpub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196692","display_name":"Scholarship - GEORGETOWN LAW (Georgetown University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","host_organization_name":"Georgetown University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1606419656","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&context=facpub","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.georgetown.edu:facpub-1342","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/346","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&context=facpub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196692","display_name":"Scholarship - GEORGETOWN LAW (Georgetown University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","host_organization_name":"Georgetown University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1606419656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1606419656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151727776","https://openalex.org/W7135478395","https://openalex.org/W269397572","https://openalex.org/W7208745077","https://openalex.org/W1921933932","https://openalex.org/W7125523343","https://openalex.org/W4243405674","https://openalex.org/W2168597730","https://openalex.org/W6990534909","https://openalex.org/W25918673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,160],"issue":[1,76],"of":[2,15,70,125,134,157,162,166,170,173],"essential":[3,95,158],"facilities":[4],"has":[5],"attracted":[6],"renewed":[7],"attention":[8],"in":[9,11,28,32,67,73,79,103,131],"Europe":[10],"recent":[12],"years":[13],"because":[14],"the":[16,41,51,60,68,93,123,132,141,146,155,171],"controversy":[17],"between":[18,112],"IMS":[19,47],"Health":[20,24],"Inc.":[21],"and":[22,59,114],"NDC":[23],"Corporation,":[25],"two":[26],"competitors":[27],"pharmaceutical":[29],"data":[30],"services":[31],"Germany":[33],".":[34,35,36],"After":[37],"an":[38],"extensive":[39],"investigation,":[40],"European":[42,87,113],"Commission":[43],"(EC)":[44],"ordered":[45],"that":[46,77,80,121,145],"grant":[48,90],"access":[49,91],"to":[50,89,92,120],"1860":[52],"brick":[53],"structure":[54],"on":[55,65,140,154],"commercially":[56],"reasonable":[57],"terms,":[58],"EC":[61],"decision":[62,85],"is":[63,82,149],"now":[64],"appeal":[66],"Court":[69,133,172],"First":[71,135,174],"Instance":[72,136,175],"Luxembourg.":[74],"One":[75],"emerged":[78],"litigation":[81],"whether":[83],"a":[84,106,110,129,167],"by":[86],"authorities":[88],"alleged":[94],"facility,":[96],"especially":[97],"one":[98],"whose":[99],"market":[100],"power":[101],"derived":[102],"part":[104],"from":[105],"copyright,":[107],"would":[108],"open":[109],"gap":[111],"U.S.":[115,138,152],"antitrust":[116],"law.":[117],"In":[118],"response":[119],"contention,":[122],"authors":[124],"this":[126,163],"piece":[127],"filed":[128],"statement":[130],"describing":[137],"law":[139],"subject.":[142],"We":[143],"argued":[144],"EC's":[147],"ruling":[148],"consistent":[150],"with":[151],"jurisprudence":[153],"subject":[156],"facilities.":[159],"remainder":[161],"article":[164],"consists":[165],"revised":[168],"version":[169],"filing.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}