{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1604896565","doi":null,"title":"Entrepreneurial Orientation: An Empirical Study of the Risk-Propensity Dimension of Entrepreneurs","display_name":"Entrepreneurial Orientation: An Empirical Study of the Risk-Propensity Dimension of Entrepreneurs","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1604896565","mag":"1604896565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1604896565","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-321579265/entrepreneurial-orientation-an-empirical-study-of","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764651816","display_name":"Academy of Entrepreneurship journal","issn_l":"1087-9595","issn":["1087-9595"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315810","host_organization_name":"Allied Academies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315810","https://openalex.org/P4310320466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Allied Academies","OMICS Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Academy of Entrepreneurship journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058091607","display_name":"Laurent Josien","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laurent Josien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058091607"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4566,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86355265,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurial-orientation","display_name":"entrepreneurial orientation","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-propensity","display_name":"risk propensity","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurs","display_name":"entrepreneurs","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovativeness","display_name":"innovativeness","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proactiveness","display_name":"proactive behavior","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"autonomy","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-aggressiveness","display_name":"competitive aggressiveness","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurial-dimensions","display_name":"entrepreneurial dimensions","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingency-theory","display_name":"contingency theory","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142944206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786137","display_name":"Proactivity","level":2,"score":0.8792862296104431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780711244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22908166","display_name":"Entrepreneurial orientation","level":3,"score":0.8146513104438782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.7548187971115112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5044196844100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.5023260116577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97508593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069","display_name":"Contingency","level":2,"score":0.48542460799217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4810483753681183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178550888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282","display_name":"Business administration","level":1,"score":0.3801661729812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29743027687072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.26430195569992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0826973021030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1604896565","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-321579265/entrepreneurial-orientation-an-empirical-study-of","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764651816","display_name":"Academy of Entrepreneurship journal","issn_l":"1087-9595","issn":["1087-9595"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315810","host_organization_name":"Allied Academies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315810","https://openalex.org/P4310320466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Allied Academies","OMICS Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Academy of Entrepreneurship journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098291258","https://openalex.org/W182173913","https://openalex.org/W2992363852","https://openalex.org/W2046604854","https://openalex.org/W79254511","https://openalex.org/W2141742633","https://openalex.org/W2153174915","https://openalex.org/W7220247821","https://openalex.org/W4406916328","https://openalex.org/W3163376294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"The":[1,69,95],"goal":[2],"of":[3,22,39,50,54,71,85,92,144,168,187,201,209,216,230,233,252,299,332,337,346,356,383,390,421,467,503,575],"this":[4],"paper":[5],"was":[6,33,57,378],"to":[7,26,89,321,363,416,439,455,472,558],"analyze":[8],"the":[9,19,47,60,72,76,82,90,149,152,166,188,193,202,210,217,231,234,322,333,342,357,369,379,386,481,500,532,547,568,572],"relationship":[10,77],"that":[11,28,75,239,271,368,372,402,433,539],"might":[12,555],"exist":[13],"between":[14,78,517],"risk":[15,79,258,279,325,343,349,382,387,407,412,488,514,548,569],"taking":[16,259,326,344,350,413,489,515],"propensity":[17,80,388,502,516,549],"and":[18,62,81,214,257,282,307,313,327,381,398,507],"entrepreneurial":[20,83,96,153,248,403,518,573],"orientation":[21,84,97,249,574],"entrepreneurs.":[23,51,93,172,347,504,576],"In":[24,409],"order":[25],"test":[27],"relationship,":[29],"a":[30,37,296,354,418,511,537],"contingency":[31],"approach":[32],"used":[34,58,66],"by":[35,171],"splitting":[36],"sample":[38,53],"entrepreneurs":[40,56,86,374,391,422,434],"into":[41],"three":[42,253],"different":[43,297,394],"sets":[44],"based":[45,523],"on":[46,156,524],"Carlands'":[48],"trichotomy":[49],"A":[52,227],"1003":[55],"for":[59,67,185,192,483],"study,":[61],"103":[63],"responses":[64],"were":[65,453,469],"analysis.":[68],"result":[70],"study":[73],"indicates":[74],"is":[87,146,250,340,414,485,551],"contingent":[88],"set":[91,298],"INTRODUCTION":[94],"construct":[98],"in":[99,113,205,212,219,458,499,513,571],"entrepreneurship":[100,359],"has":[101,155,274,351,392,496],"received":[102],"considerable":[103],"attention":[104],"from":[105,148,375],"researchers,":[106,247],"even":[107,316],"if":[108],"there":[109,540],"are":[110,290,541],"some":[111,246,269,292,428,561],"controversies":[112],"its":[114],"dimensions":[115,320],"(Josien,":[116],"2008;":[117],"Gurol":[118,506],"&":[119,124,130,134,138,261,265,286,424,444,477],"Atsan,":[120],"2006;":[121],"Lyon,":[122],"Lumpkin,":[123,139,287],"Dess,":[125],"2000;":[126],"Aragon-Correa,":[127],"1998;":[128],"Barringer":[129],"Bluedorn,":[131],"1999;":[132],"Zahra":[133],"Covin,":[135],"1995;":[136],"Dess":[137],"1996).":[140,267,288],"This":[141,159],"high":[142],"level":[143],"interest":[145],"stemming":[147],"significant":[150],"impact":[151,161],"activity":[154],"an":[157],"economy.":[158],"economical":[160],"can":[162,530],"be":[163,417,436,456,556],"seen":[164],"through":[165],"number":[167],"jobs":[169],"created":[170],"Entrepreneurial":[173],"ventures,":[174],"defined":[175],"as":[176,544,546],"small":[177],"firms":[178],"with":[179,450,464,487],"fewer":[180],"than":[181],"500":[182],"employees,":[183],"accounted":[184],"69%":[186],"total":[189],"employment":[190,203],"growth":[191,204,211,218],"1992-1996":[194],"period.":[195],"Small":[196,223],"business":[197],"ventures":[198],"represented":[199],"all":[200],"goods-producing":[206],"industries,":[207],"59%":[208],"service,":[213],"79%":[215],"information":[220],"technology":[221],"(U.S.":[222],"Business":[224],"Administration,":[225],"2000).":[226],"careful":[228],"analysis":[229],"results":[232,241,339,543,566],"research":[235],"mentioned":[236],"above":[237],"reveal":[238],"conflicting":[240,338,542],"have":[242,563],"been":[243,353],"found.":[244],"For":[245,268],"composed":[251],"dimensions:":[254,276,301],"innovativeness,":[255,278],"proactiveness,":[256,281],"(Wiklund":[260],"Shepherd,":[262],"2005;":[263],"Morris":[264],"Sexton,":[266],"others,":[270],"same":[272],"concept":[273],"five":[275,300],"autonomy,":[277],"taking,":[280],"competitive":[283],"aggressiveness":[284],"(Dess":[285],"There":[289],"also":[291],"researchers":[293,562],"who":[294,366],"use":[295],"achievement,":[302],"personal":[303],"control,":[304],"innovation,":[305],"self-esteem,":[306],"opportunism":[308],"(Robinson,":[309],"1987;":[310],"Shanthakumar,":[311],"1992),":[312],"one":[314],"researcher":[315],"included":[317],"two":[318],"more":[319,334,470],"previous":[323],"model:":[324],"independence":[328],"(Solymossy,":[329],"1998).":[330],"One":[331],"salient":[335],"areas":[336],"within":[341],"dimension":[345,389,550,570],"Indeed,":[348],"always":[352],"part":[355],"early":[358],"literature,":[360],"dating":[361],"back":[362],"Cantillon":[364],"(1734)":[365],"argued":[367],"principal":[370],"factor":[371],"separated":[373],"hired":[376],"employees":[377],"uncertainty":[380],"self-employment.":[384],"Furthermore,":[385,493],"yielded":[393],"outcomes:":[395],"Palmer":[396],"(1971)":[397],"Liles":[399],"(1974)":[400],"reported":[401,415,497],"functions":[404],"primarily":[405],"involve":[406],"taking.":[408],"addition":[410],"calculated":[411],"strategic":[419,441],"behavior":[420,442],"(Hoy":[423],"Carland,":[425],"1983).":[426],"However,":[427],"other":[429],"findings":[430],"may":[431,435],"indicate":[432],"risk-averse":[437],"due":[438],"their":[440,459],"(Burns":[443],"Kippenberger,":[445],"1988).":[446],"Similarly,":[447],"chief":[448,462],"executives":[449,463],"external":[451],"control":[452,468],"found":[454,510,564],"conservative":[457],"decision-making,":[460],"while":[461],"internal":[465],"locus":[466],"prepared":[471],"adopt":[473],"riskier":[474],"decisions":[475],"(Miller":[476],"Friesen,":[478],"1982).":[479],"Conversely,":[480],"need":[482],"achievement":[484],"associated":[486],"propensities":[490],"(McClelland,":[491],"1961).":[492],"Brockhaus":[494],"(1980)":[495],"inconsistencies":[498],"risk-taking":[501],"Finally,":[505],"Atsan":[508],"(2006)":[509],"difference":[512],"students":[519,522],"versus":[520],"non-entrepreneurial":[521],"400":[525],"Turkish":[526],"students.":[527],"As":[528],"we":[529],"see,":[531],"literature":[533],"review":[534],"shows":[535],"without":[536],"doubt":[538],"far":[545],"concerned.":[552],"Therefore,":[553],"it":[554],"fruitful":[557],"examine":[559],"why":[560],"antagonistic":[565],"about":[567],"\u2026":[577]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}