{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1604792148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","title":"Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Fiscal Implications, Introduction and Summary","display_name":"Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Fiscal Implications, Introduction and Summary","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1604792148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","mag":"1604792148"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w11290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059247979","display_name":"Jonathan Gruber A B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-710X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-710X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Gruber","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Department of Economics E52-355 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142-1347 and NBER","NBER 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138-5398"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Department of Economics E52-355 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142-1347 and NBER","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NBER 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138-5398","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110804272","display_name":"David A. Wise","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Wise","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","NBER 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138-5398","MIT Department of Economics E52-355 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142-1347 and NBER"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NBER 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138-5398","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Department of Economics E52-355 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142-1347 and NBER","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.01720000058412552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13825","display_name":"Economic Policies and Impacts","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-security","display_name":"social security","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement","display_name":"retirement","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement-incentives","display_name":"retirement incentives","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-force-participation-of-older-workers","display_name":"labor force participation of older workers","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiscal-impact","display_name":"fiscal impact","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-security-reform","display_name":"social security reform","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-retirement-benefits","display_name":"early retirement benefits","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-revenue","display_name":"tax revenue","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777111884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Social security","level":2,"score":0.7325286865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43771225214004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38303035497665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09320792555809021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w11290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:11290","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w11290.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w11290.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016906769","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w11290.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w11290.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3124023324","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/11290.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3148369441","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:11290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w11290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11290","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.8615999817848206,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.41670000553131104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1604792148.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1604792148.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498686027","https://openalex.org/W1599514720","https://openalex.org/W1761181873","https://openalex.org/W2062441457","https://openalex.org/W2891507842","https://openalex.org/W3121257918","https://openalex.org/W3122902322","https://openalex.org/W3146861046","https://openalex.org/W4240513339","https://openalex.org/W4242774996","https://openalex.org/W6666017735","https://openalex.org/W6817183404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486561322","https://openalex.org/W1528891102","https://openalex.org/W1604740454","https://openalex.org/W4390206233","https://openalex.org/W2901281777","https://openalex.org/W3125392631","https://openalex.org/W2270369376","https://openalex.org/W1501203730","https://openalex.org/W2258995107","https://openalex.org/W588392648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"is":[1],"the":[2,17,28,41,51,60,72,79,85,95,105,136,156,163,172,224,240],"introduction":[3],"to":[4,15,69,186,195],"and":[5,23,58,71],"summary":[6],"of":[7,10,30,34,45,74,78,99,138,171,189,203,226,244],"Phase":[8],"III":[9],"an":[11],"international":[12],"research":[13],"project":[14,25],"study":[16],"relationship":[18,62],"between":[19,65],"social":[20,66,122,227],"security":[21,67,123,228],"provisions":[22,57,91,165],"retirement.The":[24],"relies":[26],"on":[27,94,116],"work":[29],"a":[31,198],"large":[32,86,177,220],"group":[33],"economists":[35],"in":[36,55,166,178,214,239],"12":[37],"countries":[38,64],"who":[39],"conduct":[40],"analysis":[42],"for":[43,223,233],"each":[44,167],"their":[46],"countries.The":[47],"first":[48],"phase":[49,83,103],"described":[50],"retirement":[52,158],"incentives":[53,68],"inherent":[54],"plan":[56,90],"documented":[59],"strong":[61],"across":[63],"retire":[70],"proportion":[73],"older":[75,100,245],"persons":[76],"out":[77],"labor":[80,96,111,241],"force.The":[81],"second":[82],"illustrated":[84],"effects":[87],"that":[88,109,209],"changing":[89],"would":[92,114],"have":[93,115,218],"force":[97,112,242],"participation":[98,113,243],"workers.This":[101],"third":[102],"shows":[104],"consequent":[106],"fiscal":[107,221],"implications":[108,137,170,222],"extending":[110],"net":[117],"program":[118,191],"costs":[119],"-reduced":[120],"government":[121,128,234],"benefit":[124,143],"payments":[125],"less":[126],"increased":[127],"tax":[129],"revenues.The":[130],"findings":[131],"are":[132,175],"conveyed":[133],"by":[134,146,237],"simulating":[135],"illustrative":[139,149,173],"reforms.One":[140],"reform":[141,150,161],"increases":[142],"eligibility":[144],"ages":[145],"three":[147],"years.Another":[148],"reduces":[151],"actuarially":[152],"benefits":[153,229],"received":[154],"before":[155],"normal":[157],"age.A":[159],"common":[160],"prescribes":[162],"same":[164],"country.The":[168],"financial":[169],"reforms":[174,210],"very":[176,219],"many":[179],"instances,":[180],"often":[181],"as":[182,184,196,230,232],"much":[183,197],"20":[185],"40":[187],"percent":[188,200],"current":[190],"costs.The":[192],"savings":[193],"amount":[194],"1":[199],"or":[201],"more":[202],"country":[204],"GDP.The":[205],"results":[206],"make":[207],"clear":[208],"like":[211],"those":[212],"considered":[213],"this":[215],"volume":[216],"can":[217],"cost":[225],"well":[231],"revenues":[235],"engendered":[236],"changes":[238],"workers.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}