{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1603677067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia11p15415","title":"The variation with Te and Ti of the velocity of unstable ionospheric two\u2010stream waves","display_name":"The variation with Te and Ti of the velocity of unstable ionospheric two\u2010stream waves","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1603677067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia11p15415","mag":"1603677067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/ja094ia11p15415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia11p15415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia11p15415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111697061","display_name":"Donald T. Farley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald Farley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111761941","display_name":"Jason Providakes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Providakes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9939,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88717297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":"A11","first_page":"15415","last_page":"15420"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11603","display_name":"Dust and Plasma Wave Phenomena","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ion-acoustic-waves","display_name":"ion acoustic waves","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-stream-instability","display_name":"two-stream instability","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionospheric-plasma-waves","display_name":"ionospheric plasma waves","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-temperature","display_name":"electron temperature","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ion-temperature","display_name":"ion temperature","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-shift","display_name":"Doppler shift","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vhf-radar-echoes","display_name":"VHF radar echoes","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adiabatic-electrons","display_name":"adiabatic electrons","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isothermal-approximation","display_name":"isothermal approximation","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eiscat","display_name":"EISCAT","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auroral-ionosphere","display_name":"auroral ionosphere","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equatorial-ionosphere","display_name":"equatorial ionosphere","score":0.9409999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.7551025152206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7182482481002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109663097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182453","display_name":"Adiabatic process","level":2,"score":0.6274141073226929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5995068550109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35777598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14659607","display_name":"Incoherent scatter","level":3,"score":0.5929697751998901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5284124612808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.5244036912918091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.4836600720882416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78251058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1473826","display_name":"Sporadic E propagation","level":3,"score":0.44418850541114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58300830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2301494","display_name":"F region","level":3,"score":0.44002580642700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131751877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909891","display_name":"Drift velocity","level":3,"score":0.41458821296691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.4133721590042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.3906365633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.3831901550292969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.3789770007133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.09700512886047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.07855179905891418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/ja094ia11p15415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia11p15415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia11p15415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525418110","https://openalex.org/W1976764849","https://openalex.org/W1984393639","https://openalex.org/W1992411331","https://openalex.org/W2000568299","https://openalex.org/W2006907751","https://openalex.org/W2013992305","https://openalex.org/W2023756190","https://openalex.org/W2027547242","https://openalex.org/W2030933461","https://openalex.org/W2059599670","https://openalex.org/W2059613271","https://openalex.org/W2064889830","https://openalex.org/W2070326818","https://openalex.org/W2083410187","https://openalex.org/W2107689786","https://openalex.org/W2116305618","https://openalex.org/W2139663407","https://openalex.org/W2158265005","https://openalex.org/W2158528589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005680779","https://openalex.org/W2073849605","https://openalex.org/W1991466427","https://openalex.org/W2036706181","https://openalex.org/W2024626721","https://openalex.org/W1969783299","https://openalex.org/W3113916919","https://openalex.org/W2158265005","https://openalex.org/W2487381022","https://openalex.org/W1974185762"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,68,93],"generally":[2,181],"accepted":[3],"that":[4],"unstable":[5],"ionospheric":[6],"plasma":[7],"waves":[8,35],"moving":[9],"at":[10,28,58],"the":[11,19,39,69,75,81,94,105,117,123,137,151,167,169,172,178,189,193,213,224],"ion\u2010acoustic":[12,76],"velocity":[13,77,196],"(\u201ctwo\u2010stream\u201d":[14],"waves)":[15],"are":[16,37,56,197],"responsible":[17],"for":[18],"so\u2010called":[20],"type":[21,42],"1":[22],"VHF":[23],"radar":[24,173],"echoes":[25],"commonly":[26],"observed":[27,70],"equatorial":[29],"and":[30,55,83,125,171,208],"auroral":[31,59],"latitudes.":[32],"These":[33],"same":[34],"apparently":[36],"also":[38],"source":[40],"of":[41,104,111,122,148,163],"4":[43],"echoes,":[44],"which":[45],"have":[46],"sharply":[47],"peaked":[48],"spectra":[49],"with":[50,90,145,212,223],"unusually":[51],"large":[52],"Doppler":[53,71],"shifts":[54],"seen":[57],"latitudes":[60],"during":[61],"sufficiently":[62],"disturbed":[63],"conditions.":[64],"But":[65],"how,":[66],"exactly,":[67],"shift,":[72],"or":[73,154],"equivalently":[74],"Cs,":[78],"related":[79],"to":[80],"electron":[82],"ion":[84,179],"temperatures?":[85],"The":[86,102,186],"expression":[87],"usually":[88,140],"quoted,":[89],"occasional":[91],"caveats,":[92],"isothermal":[95,106],"result":[96],"Cs\u00b2":[97],"=":[98],"K(Te":[99],"+":[100],"Ti)/mi.":[101],"validity":[103],"assumption":[107],"has":[108],"not":[109,156],"been":[110],"much":[112],"concern":[113],"until":[114],"recently,":[115],"when":[116],"first":[118],"simultaneous":[119],"independent":[120],"measurements":[121],"temperatures":[124,207],"Cs":[126],"were":[127],"made":[128],"in":[129,135,192],"Scandinavia.":[130],"We":[131],"argue":[132],"here":[133],"that,":[134],"fact,":[136],"electrons":[138],"should":[139,182],"be":[141,157,183],"treated":[142],"as":[143],"adiabatic,":[144],"three":[146],"degrees":[147],"freedom,":[149],"while":[150],"ions":[152],"may":[153,155],"adiabatic":[158],"(with":[159],"only":[160],"one":[161],"degree":[162],"freedom),":[164],"depending":[165],"upon":[166],"temperatures,":[168],"altitude,":[170],"frequency.":[174],"In":[175],"other":[176],"words,":[177],"effects":[180],"calculated":[184],"kinetically.":[185],"differences":[187],"between":[188,202],"two":[190],"models":[191],"computed":[194],"wave":[195,209],"substantial":[198],"(\u223c20\u201340%).":[199],"A":[200],"comparison":[201],"European":[203],"Incoherent":[204],"Scatter":[205],"(EISCAT)":[206],"velocities":[210],"measured":[211],"Cornell":[214],"University":[215],"Portable":[216],"Radar":[217],"Interferometer":[218],"(CUPRI)":[219],"shows":[220],"good":[221],"agreement":[222],"model":[225],"given":[226],"here.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
