{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1600905688","doi":null,"title":"Offshoring and the Shortening of the Quality Ladder: Evidence from Danish Apparel","display_name":"Offshoring and the Shortening of the Quality Ladder: Evidence from Danish Apparel","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1600905688","mag":"1600905688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cii:cepidt:2014-14","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cepii.fr/PDF_PUB/wp/2014/wp2014-14.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.cepii.fr/PDF_PUB/wp/2014/wp2014-14.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036947370","display_name":"Val\u00e9rie Smeets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-9546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-9546"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Val\u00e9rie Smeets","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-9546","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055136600","display_name":"Sharon Traiberman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Traiberman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075967295","display_name":"Frederic Warzynski C","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2410-669X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2410-669X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e8ric Warzynski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11552","display_name":"Global trade, sustainability, and social impact","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshoring","display_name":"offshoring","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-ladder","display_name":"quality ladder","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garment-industry","display_name":"apparel industry","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/import-competition","display_name":"import competition","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-s-wto-accession","display_name":"China WTO accession","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-fibre-agreement","display_name":"Multi-Fibre Agreement","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-demand-model","display_name":"structural demand model","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-entry-and-exit","display_name":"firm entry and exit","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity-heterogeneity","display_name":"productivity heterogeneity","score":0.7919999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39302471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9051832","display_name":"Offshoring","level":3,"score":0.7760310173034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7249516844749451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779628075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253258","display_name":"Downgrade","level":2,"score":0.7131731510162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6422019600868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.573720395565033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.548005998134613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.45934611558914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4484255611896515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.44513872265815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.42255210876464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4189603924751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4171349108219147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3713603615760803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.36229848861694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.20322978496551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.14352521300315857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cii:cepidt:2014-14","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cepii.fr/PDF_PUB/wp/2014/wp2014-14.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.cepii.fr/PDF_PUB/wp/2014/wp2014-14.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2014-12","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.eria.org/ERIA-DP-2014-12.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.eria.org/ERIA-DP-2014-12.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:1600905688","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.eria.org/ERIA-DP-2014-12.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519675478","https://openalex.org/W1596758324","https://openalex.org/W1825182234","https://openalex.org/W1936941715","https://openalex.org/W1963790560","https://openalex.org/W1978907431","https://openalex.org/W2002007234","https://openalex.org/W2011917423","https://openalex.org/W2033946512","https://openalex.org/W2051680696","https://openalex.org/W2093714429","https://openalex.org/W2097916756","https://openalex.org/W2098218637","https://openalex.org/W2103171378","https://openalex.org/W2103468194","https://openalex.org/W2105360587","https://openalex.org/W2109063066","https://openalex.org/W2113987129","https://openalex.org/W2115383862","https://openalex.org/W2124933622","https://openalex.org/W2125918728","https://openalex.org/W2131270918","https://openalex.org/W2146840075","https://openalex.org/W2151350286","https://openalex.org/W2157443709","https://openalex.org/W2182771344","https://openalex.org/W2188530013","https://openalex.org/W2210546743","https://openalex.org/W2234443688","https://openalex.org/W2498908548","https://openalex.org/W2785377148","https://openalex.org/W2889547665","https://openalex.org/W2889640263","https://openalex.org/W2890916769","https://openalex.org/W3023875755","https://openalex.org/W3122387832","https://openalex.org/W3122817164","https://openalex.org/W3123247843","https://openalex.org/W3123390760","https://openalex.org/W3124355993","https://openalex.org/W3124796732","https://openalex.org/W3124888393","https://openalex.org/W3142126618","https://openalex.org/W3149004106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019816204","https://openalex.org/W4288451168","https://openalex.org/W3197318389","https://openalex.org/W2267596467","https://openalex.org/W2897328349","https://openalex.org/W4388133452","https://openalex.org/W1881867322","https://openalex.org/W2415970747","https://openalex.org/W1484637250","https://openalex.org/W2987634700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently":[0],"a":[1,59,167],"small":[2],"and":[3,82,95,106,146,176,192,213],"growing":[4],"empirical":[5],"literature":[6],"has":[7,29],"attempted":[8],"to":[9,39,67,71,76,79,128,140,185,220],"analyze":[10,72],"the":[11,23,31,80,83,86,91,99,108,113,122,158,163,172,199,211,214],"role":[12],"that":[13,111,121,157,205],"quality":[14,103,123,134,138,148,159,190,196,215],"plays":[15],"in":[16,69,126,170],"our":[17],"understanding":[18,221],"of":[19,26,33,37,61,85,93,101,160,174,188,194,208],"trade.":[20],"In":[21,117],"particular,":[22,118],"recent":[24],"work":[25,45],"Khandelwal":[27],"(2010)":[28],"brought":[30],"insights":[32],"structural":[34,50],"IO":[35],"models":[36],"demand":[38,55],"bear":[40],"into":[41],"trade":[42,129],"data.":[43],"Our":[44],"builds":[46],"on":[47,58,98],"this":[48],"new":[49],"literature;":[51],"we":[52,119],"use":[53],"similar":[54],"estimation":[56],"techniques":[57],"panel":[60],"Danish":[62],"apparel":[63,102],"firms":[64,74,135,142,191],"from":[65,162],"1997":[66],"2010":[68],"order":[70],"how":[73],"responded":[75],"China's":[77],"entry":[78,187],"WTO":[81],"dismantling":[84],"Multi-Fibre":[87],"Agreement.":[88],"We":[89],"explore":[90],"implications":[92],"offshoring":[94,175],"import":[96,182],"competition":[97,183],"distribution":[100],"within":[104],"Denmark,":[105],"demonstrate":[107],"firm-level":[109],"mechanisms":[110],"induced":[112],"observed":[114],"aggregate":[115],"changes.":[116],"show":[120],"ladder":[124],"tightens":[125],"response":[127],"shocks":[130],"as":[131],"initially":[132,144],"low":[133],"upgrade":[136],"their":[137,150],"relative":[139],"other":[141],"while":[143],"middle":[145],"high":[147],"downgrade":[149],"output":[151],"quality.":[152,180],"An":[153],"important":[154],"qualification":[155],"is":[156,166,202],"exports":[161],"source":[164],"country":[165],"key":[168,219],"determinant":[169],"both":[171],"uptake":[173],"resultant":[177],"decisions":[178],"regarding":[179],"Finally,":[181],"appears":[184],"spur":[186],"higher":[189],"exit":[193],"lower":[195],"producers.":[197],"Nevertheless,":[198],"reallocation":[200],"pattern":[201],"imperfect,":[203],"suggesting":[204],"two":[206],"sources":[207],"heterogeneity":[209],"\u2013":[210],"productivity":[212],"margin":[216],"-":[217],"are":[218],"these":[222],"patterns.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
