{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1599310434","doi":null,"title":"The Thin Line Between Love and Hate: Why Affinity-Based Securities and Investment Fraud Constitutes a Hate Crime","display_name":"The Thin Line Between Love and Hate: Why Affinity-Based Securities and Investment Fraud Constitutes a Hate Crime","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1599310434","mag":"1599310434"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu:fac_pubs-1106","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401762","display_name":"Digital Commons at University of Maryland Carey Law (University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=921045","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056979274","display_name":"Lisa M. Fairfax","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lisa M. Fairfax","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania Law School - Institute for Law & Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania Law School - Institute for Law & Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056979274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32139317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14373","display_name":"Securities Regulation and Market Practices","score":0.5268999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14373","display_name":"Securities Regulation and Market Practices","score":0.5268999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.30790001153945923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.04659999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hate-crimes","display_name":"hate crimes","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/securities-fraud","display_name":"securities fraud","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment-fraud","display_name":"investment fraud","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-discrimination","display_name":"religious discrimination","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination","display_name":"racial discrimination","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-discrimination","display_name":"ethnic discrimination","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-fraud","display_name":"financial fraud","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hate-crime-legislation","display_name":"hate crime legislation","score":0.45899999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775922551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135033","display_name":"Parallels","level":2,"score":0.937947154045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992380910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459409","display_name":"Hate crime","level":2,"score":0.735673725605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.6812500357627869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779940807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256333","display_name":"Love and hate","level":2,"score":0.5166869163513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15241564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319845","display_name":"Investment banking","level":2,"score":0.5099779367446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.43747568130493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.43679893016815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3680935502052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3377169966697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31468015909194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.30478882789611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2591346204280853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24752870202064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.17948168516159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.06607022881507874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu:fac_pubs-1106","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401762","display_name":"Digital Commons at University of Maryland Carey Law (University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.gwu.edu:faculty_publications-1610","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196736","display_name":"Scholarly Commons - George Washington University Law School (George Washington University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","host_organization_name":"George Washington University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.upenn.edu:faculty_scholarship-4243","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/3240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196469","display_name":"Penn Carey Law Legal Scholarship Repository (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1599310434","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=921045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:1599310434","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=921045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2231752190","https://openalex.org/W2002735725","https://openalex.org/W2254378367","https://openalex.org/W4232067648","https://openalex.org/W2519867288","https://openalex.org/W2618920674","https://openalex.org/W44717995","https://openalex.org/W64194634","https://openalex.org/W2104954646","https://openalex.org/W4410094933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Thin":[1],"Line":[2],"Between":[3],"Love":[4],"and":[5,10,30,35,43,47],"Hate:":[6],"Why":[7],"Affinity-Based":[8],"Securities":[9],"Investment":[11],"Fraud":[12],"Constitutes":[13],"a":[14,57],"Hate":[15],"Crime,":[16],"36":[17],"U.C.":[18],"Davis":[19],"1073":[20],"(2003)":[21],"explores":[22],"the":[23,26],"parallels":[24,51],"between":[25],"prototypical":[27],"hate":[28,58],"crime":[29],"affinity":[31,54],"fraud":[32,37,55],"-":[33,46],"securities":[34],"investment":[36],"that":[38,49],"targets":[39],"identifiable":[40],"religious,":[41],"racial":[42],"ethnic":[44],"groups":[45],"asserts":[48],"those":[50],"justify":[52],"treating":[53],"as":[56],"crime.":[59]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
