{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1599165643","doi":null,"title":"The Imposed Query: Implications for Library Service Evaluation.","display_name":"The Imposed Query: Implications for Library Service Evaluation.","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1599165643","mag":"1599165643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1599165643","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ580131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10055403","display_name":"Reference & User Services Quarterly","issn_l":"1094-9054","issn":["1094-9054","2163-5242"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315903","host_organization_name":"American Library Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Reference & User Services Quarterly","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054946713","display_name":"Melissa R. Gross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-0350","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-0350"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Gross","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-0350","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054946713"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.2613,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98942739,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"3","first_page":"290","last_page":"299"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10712","display_name":"Library Science and Information Literacy","score":0.7904999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10712","display_name":"Library Science and Information Literacy","score":0.7904999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13673","display_name":"Library Science and Information","score":0.07980000227689743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12289","display_name":"Library Science and Administration","score":0.06300000101327896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-seeking","display_name":"information seeking","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-services-evaluation","display_name":"library services evaluation","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-service-evaluation","display_name":"reference service evaluation","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-study","display_name":"user study","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-measures","display_name":"output measures","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-usage-statistics","display_name":"library usage statistics","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-system-evaluation","display_name":"library system evaluation","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-user-behavior","display_name":"library user behavior","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-library-media-centers","display_name":"school library media centers","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-libraries","display_name":"public libraries","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-collection-development","display_name":"collection development","score":0.41600000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7114261984825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.6863685846328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6081425547599792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5806607007980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4513484835624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.44699913263320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.446024090051651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17642703652381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09271886944770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.08403190970420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1599165643","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ580131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10055403","display_name":"Reference & User Services Quarterly","issn_l":"1094-9054","issn":["1094-9054","2163-5242"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315903","host_organization_name":"American Library Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Reference & User Services Quarterly","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65955028","https://openalex.org/W296674361","https://openalex.org/W592192165","https://openalex.org/W596290964","https://openalex.org/W1507272366","https://openalex.org/W1598208848","https://openalex.org/W1969340322","https://openalex.org/W2000255786","https://openalex.org/W2021001614","https://openalex.org/W2045710014","https://openalex.org/W2092488901","https://openalex.org/W2129022247","https://openalex.org/W2261604411","https://openalex.org/W2469698136","https://openalex.org/W2514509220","https://openalex.org/W2771255756","https://openalex.org/W2984991715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2916451650","https://openalex.org/W2981357544","https://openalex.org/W3203488599","https://openalex.org/W2137711730","https://openalex.org/W2736665414","https://openalex.org/W7036271507","https://openalex.org/W2356702534","https://openalex.org/W2386126966","https://openalex.org/W2328132652","https://openalex.org/W4302448806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Implications":[0],"for":[1,90,97,200,211,466,478,595,599,611],"Library":[2,190,374],"Service":[3],"Evaluation":[4,5],"is":[6,33,107,140,186,192,292,313,342,378,385,398,417,578],"a":[7,45,246,325,353,363,386,425,428,565],"process":[8,231,289],"that":[9,109,127,295,344,392,397,484,503,539,582],"depends":[10],"on":[11,54,335,443],"the":[12,30,34,41,51,83,86,99,112,122,125,143,180,196,218,226,230,257,314,321,332,405,528,541,550,553,583,590,596,606],"reappraisal":[13],"of":[14,36,44,48,85,111,121,137,142,157,221,228,232,256,273,290,316,324,328,338,357,367,373,389,407,445,530,536,543,552,564,585],"its":[15],"various":[16,254,336,607],"methodologies":[17],"to":[18,21,39,57,182,188,237,250,265,269,319,404,430,433,509,520,580,592,602,604],"remain":[19],"responsive":[20,187],"new":[22,24,27,46,300,304,308,326,387],"techniques,":[23],"services,":[25],"and":[26,60,74,92,94,124,148,163,169,172,179,206,209,217,223,249,268,278,283,307,412,441,451,469,471,475,486,489,533,601,614],"insights":[28,309],"in":[29,115,131,155,161,245,280,348,402,422,527,555],"field.":[31],"It":[32,106,153,312,341,577],"purpose":[35,315],"this":[37,317,346,495,609],"article":[38,318],"explore":[40,320],"possible":[42,236,322],"impact":[43,323],"model":[47,89,327],"information-seeking":[49,133,329],"behavior,":[50],"imposed":[52,87,100,113,333,380,383,413,544],"query,":[53],"current":[55,116],"approaches":[56],"library":[58,285,339,485,537],"service":[59,68,138,158,215,279],"system":[61,164],"evaluation.":[62,340],"The":[63,135,288,382],"areas":[64],"considered":[65],"are":[66,198,302,310,437,523],"reference":[67,162],"evaluation,":[69,165],"user":[70,123,175,177,368,390],"studies,":[71],"output":[72],"measures,":[73],"relevance":[75],"as":[76,160,244,261,299,448,462],"an":[77,184,239,358,379,408],"evaluation":[78,104,136,191,233,291,349],"tool.":[79],"Each":[80],"section":[81],"explores":[82],"implications":[84,608],"query":[88,101,114,334,384],"research":[91,613],"practice":[93],"offers":[95],"suggestions":[96],"incorporating":[98],"into":[102],"these":[103],"efforts.":[105],"believed":[108],"inclusion":[110],"methodology":[117],"will":[118,351],"broaden":[119],"understanding":[120],"role":[126],"information":[128,395,414,487,531,586],"organizations":[129,151,255],"play":[130],"users'":[132],"behavior.":[134,369],"provision":[139,216],"one":[141,294],"most":[144],"important":[145,194],"processes":[146],"libraries":[147,264,282],"other":[149,476],"information-providing":[150],"undertake.":[152],"results":[154,197,574],"measures":[156],"quality,":[159],"describes":[166],"program":[167],"participation":[168],"materials":[170,477],"utilization,":[171],"also":[173,193,210,293,456,524],"uncovers":[174],"characteristics,":[176],"needs,":[178],"extent":[181],"which":[183,416],"organization":[185],"these.":[189],"because":[195],"valuable":[199],"assessing":[201],"performance":[202],"against":[203],"professional":[204],"standards":[205],"organizational":[207],"goals":[208],"future":[212],"planning":[213],"regarding":[214],"continuing":[219],"development":[220],"staff":[222],"systems.":[224],"Under":[225],"best":[227],"circumstances,":[229],"makes":[234],"it":[235],"compare":[238,270],"organization's":[240,359],"functioning":[241,360],"across":[242],"time,":[243,298],"year-to-year":[247],"analysis,":[248],"make":[251],"comparisons":[252],"among":[253],"same":[258],"type,":[259,568],"such":[260,447,461],"comparing":[262,276],"public":[263,281],"each":[266,479],"other,":[267],"different":[271],"types":[272],"libraries--for":[274],"example,":[275],"usage":[277],"school":[284,449,510],"media":[286],"centers.":[287],"evolves":[296],"over":[297],"techniques":[301],"developed,":[303],"services":[305],"evolve,":[306],"made.":[311],"behavior":[330,391],"called":[331],"aspects":[337],"proposed":[343],"including":[345],"view":[347,366,388],"efforts":[350],"provide":[352],"more":[354,364],"complete":[355],"picture":[356],"by":[361],"providing":[362],"comprehensive":[365],"A":[370],"New":[371],"View":[372],"Transaction":[375],"Types":[376],"What":[377],"query?":[381],"differentiates":[393],"between":[394],"seeking":[396],"self-generated":[399,569],"(internally":[400],"motivated":[401],"response":[403],"context":[406],"individual's":[409],"life":[410],"circumstance)":[411],"seeking,":[415],"externally":[418],"motivated,":[419],"being":[420],"set":[421],"motion":[423],"when":[424],"person":[426],"gives":[427],"question":[429],"someone":[431],"else":[432],"resolve.":[434],"Imposed":[435,454],"queries":[436,455,545],"questions":[438],"people":[439],"carry":[440],"transact":[442],"behalf":[444],"others,":[446],"assignments":[450],"company":[452],"projects.":[453],"result":[457],"from":[458],"informal":[459],"relationships,":[460],"immigrant":[463],"children":[464],"transacting":[465],"non-English-speaking":[467],"parents":[468],"friends":[470],"family":[472],"gathering":[473],"reading":[474],"other.[1]":[480],"Gross":[481],"points":[482],"out":[483],"professionals":[488],"researchers":[490],"have":[491],"been":[492],"dealing":[493],"with":[494],"phenomenon":[496],"implicitly":[497],"all":[498],"along.":[499],"Reference":[500],"librarians":[501],"recognize":[502,581],"poorly":[504],"understood":[505],"assignments,":[506],"whether":[507],"related":[508],"or":[511,575],"business,":[512],"can":[513],"be":[514],"extremely":[515],"difficult,":[516],"at":[517],"times":[518],"impossible,":[519],"negotiate.":[521],"There":[522],"many":[525],"studies":[526,535],"area":[529],"retrieval":[532],"observational":[534],"use":[538,563],"document":[540],"transaction":[542,567],"but":[546],"do":[547,559],"not":[548],"consider":[549],"origin":[551],"question(s)":[554],"their":[556,573],"discussion.":[557],"Neither":[558],"they":[560],"ask":[561],"how":[562],"specific":[566],"versus":[570],"imposed,":[571],"affects":[572],"conclusions.":[576],"time":[579],"concept":[584],"need":[587,591],"must":[588],"embrace":[589],"know":[593],"both":[594,612],"self":[597],"and/or":[598],"another":[600],"begin":[603],"investigate":[605],"has":[610],"practice.":[615],"\u2026":[616]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}