{"id":"https://openalex.org/W159810186","doi":null,"title":"Indigenous banks in colonial Nigeria","display_name":"Indigenous banks in colonial Nigeria","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W159810186","mag":"159810186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:159810186","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/23046821.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169569900","display_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","issn_l":"0361-7882","issn":["0361-7882","2326-3016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315938","host_organization_name":"Boston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315938"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Boston University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027107752","display_name":"Chibuike Ugochukwu Uche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8106-3067","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8106-3067"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chibuike Uche","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8106-3067","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027107752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7476,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92447977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"3","first_page":"467","last_page":"487"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.7124000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.7124000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.15700000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.04830000177025795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-banking","display_name":"colonial banking","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banking-crisis","display_name":"banking crisis","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-failures","display_name":"bank failures","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-banks","display_name":"foreign banks","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-support-for-banks","display_name":"government support for banks","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-public-finance","display_name":"regional public finance","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-export","display_name":"capital export","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-nigeria","display_name":"colonial Nigeria","score":0.4059999883174896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.8868948221206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.7961747050285339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.6388949155807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.5619696974754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993879009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8137","display_name":"Foreign capital","level":3,"score":0.5027074813842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.489452987909317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.48470640182495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3282846212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.32325658202171326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3126296401023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.28619831800460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.11746078729629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.0984610915184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.09437942504882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07051974534988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:159810186","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/23046821.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169569900","display_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","issn_l":"0361-7882","issn":["0361-7882","2326-3016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315938","host_organization_name":"Boston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315938"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Boston University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2275613817","https://openalex.org/W1967433640","https://openalex.org/W1788979541","https://openalex.org/W1871965000","https://openalex.org/W7112762733","https://openalex.org/W1857123387","https://openalex.org/W7204189033","https://openalex.org/W6944922717","https://openalex.org/W1546125601","https://openalex.org/W1608421216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Nigeria":[1,58,301,361,422,479,568],"was":[2,140,155,186,400,404,480,495,589],"the":[3,7,19,36,53,76,100,118,132,181,220,226,231,236,246,266,270,283,293,296,306,312,320,328,334,338,344,349,354,366,369,375,378,384,407,412,418,431,434,440,450,454,462,487,518,521,537,549,553,562,565,570,578,584],"only":[4,98,142],"country":[5],"among":[6],"pre-independence":[8],"British":[9,387,488,507],"African":[10,271,370,550],"colonies":[11,24],"that":[12,64,159,223,255,342,499,526,593,598],"developed":[13],"an":[14,45,317],"indigenous":[15,56,119,161,176,243,263,309,321,340],"banking":[16,21,62,298,322,359,419,442,477,484],"system1":[17],"alongside":[18],"colonial":[20,29,179,297,542],"system.2":[22],"Other":[23,252],"were":[25,199,380,555,603],"either":[26],"overwhelmed":[27],"by":[28,202,240,250,383,406,548,569],"legislations,":[30],"which":[31,213,457,602],"made":[32,200],"it":[33,458],"impossible":[34],"for":[35,48,99,319,486],"indigenes":[37],"to":[38,108,225,423,468,482,516,536,561,583],"establish":[39],"banks,3":[40],"or":[41],"their":[42,171,545],"economies":[43],"provided":[44,96],"inadequate":[46],"base":[47],"such":[49],"commercial":[50,489,508],"banking.4":[51],"With":[52],"establishment":[54,227],"of":[55,74,116,127,134,145,152,168,212,228,233,259,261,295,308,330,337,353,368,377,386,398,433,449,465,520,539,541,564,567,581,586],"banks,":[57,230,235,264],"had":[59,209,215,417],"a":[60,66,92,124,143,149,164,393,572],"dual":[61],"system":[63,299],"exhibited":[65],"paradoxical":[67],"and":[68,85,103,106,129,183,201,245,474,610],"potentially":[69],"dangerous":[70,150],"dichotomy.":[71],"One":[72],"group":[73,115],"banks-":[75,78,117,120],"foreign":[77,172,395],"possessed":[79],"ample":[80],"reserves,":[81],"highly":[82],"skilled":[83],"executives,":[84],"long":[86],"experience.":[87],"Such":[88],"banks":[89,162,208,310,341,511,543],"however":[90],"maintained":[91],"restricted":[93],"branch":[94],"system,":[95],"finance":[97,133,146],"most":[101],"respectable":[102],"conventional":[104],"borrowers,":[105],"tended":[107],"engage":[109],"in":[110,131,178,188,192,257,300,311,333,360,363,409,421,428,444,478,492,504,529,544,558,591,613],"capital":[111],"export.":[112],"The":[113,138,174,510,523,595],"other":[114],"lacked":[121],"capital,":[122],"controlled":[123],"small":[125],"volume":[126],"deposits":[128],"specialized":[130],"relatively":[135],"risky":[136],"undertakings.":[137],"result":[139],"not":[141,157,497,514,531],"maldistribution":[144],"but":[147],"also":[148,275,534],"distribution":[151],"risks.5":[153],"It":[154,190,494],"therefore":[156,496,512],"surprising":[158,498],"these":[160,229,234,241,262],"faced":[163,239],"much":[165],"higher":[166],"risk":[167],"failure":[169],"than":[170],"counterparts.":[173],"first":[175,556],"bank":[177,379,403],"Nigeria:":[180],"Industrial":[182],"Commercial":[184,358],"Bank":[185,385,397,438,452,464,471,566],"established":[187,211,502],"1929.":[189],"failed":[191],"1930.":[193],"Despite":[194],"this":[195,426],"setback,":[196],"further":[197],"attempts":[198,316],"1960,":[203],"at":[204],"least":[205],"twenty-seven":[206],"local":[207],"been":[210],"twenty-one":[214],"failed.6":[216],"This":[217,402],"paper":[218,284],"examines":[219],"socioeconomic":[221],"conditions":[222],"led":[224],"management":[232],"various":[237],"challenges":[238],"pioneer":[242],"institutions,":[244],"survival":[247],"strategies":[248],"adopted":[249],"them.":[251],"extraneous":[253],"forces":[254],"worked":[256],"favor":[258],"some":[260],"especially":[265],"political":[267],"support":[268,332],"from":[269,577],"run":[272],"regional":[273],"governments,":[274],"will":[276],"be":[277],"examined.":[278],"To":[279],"achieve":[280],"its":[281,447],"aim,":[282],"is":[285],"divided":[286],"into":[287],"five":[288],"parts.":[289],"Part":[290,303,314,325,346],"1":[291],"critiques":[292],"structure":[294],"while":[302,324],"2":[304],"explores":[305,327],"operations":[307,376,503],"colony.":[313],"3":[315],"explanation":[318],"crisis":[323],"4":[326],"role":[329],"government":[331],"continued":[335],"existence":[336],"few":[339],"survived":[343],"crisis.":[345],"5":[347],"concludes":[348],"paper.":[350],"1.":[351],"Structure":[352],"Colonial":[355,435,451,473,476],"Banking":[356,371],"System":[357],"commenced":[362],"1891":[364],"with":[365,430,453,461],"advent":[367,432],"Corporation.":[372],"In":[373,391],"1894,":[374],"taken":[381],"over":[382],"West":[388],"Africa":[389,467],"(BBWA).7":[390],"1899":[392],"second":[394],"bank,":[396],"Nigeria,":[399],"established.8":[401],"absorbed":[405],"BBWA":[408,416,554,599],"1912.":[410,559],"For":[411],"next":[413],"four":[414],"years,":[415],"field":[420],"itself.":[424],"AU":[425],"changed":[427],"1916":[429],"Bank.9":[436],"Barclays":[437,470],"entered":[439],"Nigerian":[441],"arena":[443],"1925,":[445],"via":[446],"merger":[448],"Anglo-Egyptian":[455],"Bank,":[456],"already":[459],"owned":[460],"National":[463],"South":[466],"create":[469],"(Dominion,":[472],"Overseas).":[475],"initially":[481],"provide":[483],"services":[485],"enterprises":[490],"then":[491],"existence.":[493],"they":[500],"seldom":[501],"territories":[505],"without":[506],"interests.10":[509],"did":[513],"aim":[515],"satisfy":[517],"needs":[519],"Africans.11":[522],"widespread":[524],"belief":[525],"Africans":[527],"were,":[528],"general,":[530],"credit":[532],"worthy":[533],"contributed":[535],"lack":[538],"interest":[540],"affairs.12":[546],"Protests":[547],"traders":[551],"against":[552],"documented":[557],"Subsequent":[560],"absorption":[563],"BBWA,13":[571],"pamphlet":[573],"titled":[574],"An":[575],"Appeal":[576],"Native":[579],"Traders":[580],"Lagos":[582,592],"Financiers":[585],"Great":[587],"Britain":[588],"published":[590],"year.":[594],"document":[596],"alleged":[597],"charged":[600],"rates":[601],"excessively":[604],"high":[605],"...":[606,608],"even":[607],"exorbitant":[609],"displayed":[611],"intolerance":[612],"business":[614],"matters.":[615],"\u2026":[616]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
