{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1595964233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mon002","title":"Ackerman's higher lawmaking in comparative constitutional perspective: Constitutional moments as constitutional failures?","display_name":"Ackerman's higher lawmaking in comparative constitutional perspective: Constitutional moments as constitutional failures?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1595964233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mon002","mag":"1595964233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/icon/mon002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mon002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mon002","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/icon/article-pdf/6/2/193/2199846/mon002.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7938327","display_name":"International Journal of Constitutional Law","issn_l":"1474-2640","issn":["1474-2640","1474-2659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Constitutional Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/icon/article-pdf/6/2/193/2199846/mon002.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081070549","display_name":"Sujit Choudhry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6543-6644","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6543-6644"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Choudhry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of law, University of Toronto. Thanks to Bruce Ackerman, who generously disagrees with my rereading of his work, and to Chris Eisgruber, Bill Eskridge, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Gaudreault-Desbiens, Ran Hirschl, Ed Iacobucci, Darlene Johnston, Tony Keller, Karen Knop, Sandy Levinson, Patrick Macklem, Mayo Moran, Jennifer Nedelsky, Kent Roach, Carol Rogerson, Kim Scheppele, David Schneiderman, Ayelet Shachar, Mark Tushnet, Ernie Weinrib, and Lorraine Weinrib for helpful comments. Eric Adams provided skilled research and editorial assistance. This paper is part of a longer work in progress, entitled Rethinking Comparative Constitutional Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of law, University of Toronto. Thanks to Bruce Ackerman, who generously disagrees with my rereading of his work, and to Chris Eisgruber, Bill Eskridge, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Gaudreault-Desbiens, Ran Hirschl, Ed Iacobucci, Darlene Johnston, Tony Keller, Karen Knop, Sandy Levinson, Patrick Macklem, Mayo Moran, Jennifer Nedelsky, Kent Roach, Carol Rogerson, Kim Scheppele, David Schneiderman, Ayelet Shachar, Mark Tushnet, Ernie Weinrib, and Lorraine Weinrib for helpful comments. Eric Adams provided skilled research and editorial assistance. This paper is part of a longer work in progress, entitled Rethinking Comparative Constitutional Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081070549"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":2919,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3849},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1589,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94959797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"193","last_page":"230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12332","display_name":"Comparative constitutional jurisprudence studies","score":0.8687000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12332","display_name":"Comparative constitutional jurisprudence studies","score":0.8687000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13445","display_name":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","score":0.10670000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14012","display_name":"Comparative and International Law Studies","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bruce-ackerman","display_name":"Bruce Ackerman","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-moments","display_name":"constitutional moments","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-change","display_name":"constitutional change","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-regime","display_name":"constitutional regime","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-amendment","display_name":"constitutional amendment","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-constitutionalism","display_name":"comparative constitutionalism","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/we-the-people","display_name":"We the People","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canadian-constitutional-history","display_name":"Canadian constitutional history","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-theory","display_name":"constitutional theory","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778680907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725430","display_name":"Lawmaking","level":3,"score":0.7889867424964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18650270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11206","display_name":"Constitutional law","level":2,"score":0.6583211421966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5794108510017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5068567395210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.48088815808296204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56720970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1489796","display_name":"Constitutional economics","level":3,"score":0.4760534465312958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778428725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764822","display_name":"Constitutional review","level":3,"score":0.41560235619544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3867148160934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.2804943323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20119589567184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.19716519117355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14606139063835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.05669480562210083}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/icon/mon002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mon002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mon002","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/icon/article-pdf/6/2/193/2199846/mon002.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7938327","display_name":"International Journal of Constitutional Law","issn_l":"1474-2640","issn":["1474-2640","1474-2659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Constitutional Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.761927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.761927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.761927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:facpubs-3255","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/2255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:law.bepress.com:expresso-7088","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/1544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ExpressO","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:ijclaw:mon002v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mon002v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:sujit_choudhry-1001","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/sujit_choudhry/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196581","display_name":"Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sujit Choudhry","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:sujit_choudhry-1196","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/sujit_choudhry/120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196581","display_name":"Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sujit Choudhry","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1595964233","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7088&context=expresso","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306504152","display_name":"bepress Legal Series","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bepress Legal Series","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/icon/mon002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mon002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mon002","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/icon/article-pdf/6/2/193/2199846/mon002.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7938327","display_name":"International Journal of Constitutional Law","issn_l":"1474-2640","issn":["1474-2640","1474-2659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Constitutional Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1595964233.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1595964233.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97364495","https://openalex.org/W588301262","https://openalex.org/W952354632","https://openalex.org/W1556722091","https://openalex.org/W1582587935","https://openalex.org/W1600289227","https://openalex.org/W1732493965","https://openalex.org/W1985229380","https://openalex.org/W2008777956","https://openalex.org/W2053798674","https://openalex.org/W2069295535","https://openalex.org/W2346133764","https://openalex.org/W2765496131","https://openalex.org/W2795826882","https://openalex.org/W2796049617","https://openalex.org/W2797119301","https://openalex.org/W2797507695","https://openalex.org/W3126561208","https://openalex.org/W4251779341","https://openalex.org/W4302149303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7069002536","https://openalex.org/W4412366447","https://openalex.org/W1549118041","https://openalex.org/W3095699517","https://openalex.org/W7164855914","https://openalex.org/W4233491621","https://openalex.org/W7064351449","https://openalex.org/W44733538","https://openalex.org/W2796699324","https://openalex.org/W2797119301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bruce":[0],"Ackerman":[1,23,39,117],"speaks":[2],"with":[3,73],"two":[4,153],"voices.":[5],"While":[6,116],"he":[7,131],"is":[8,24,92],"one":[9],"of":[10,15,31,46,88,99,110,140,155,168],"the":[11,19,36,59,74,102,108,118,129,141,152,160,166,205],"most":[12],"prominent":[13],"students":[14],"comparative":[16,111,180],"constitutionalism":[17],"in":[18,127,143],"U.S.":[20,48,121],"legal":[21],"academy,":[22],"better":[25],"known":[26],"for":[27,78,113,124],"his":[28],"imaginative":[29],"theory":[30],"American":[32,134,169],"constitutional":[33,49,64,114,122,135,170,181,189],"development.":[34],"In":[35],"latter":[37],"voice,":[38],"observes":[40],"that,":[41],"notwithstanding":[42],"a":[43,86],"remarkable":[44],"continuity":[45],"governance,":[47],"history":[50],"falls":[51],"into":[52],"three":[53],"distinct":[54],"regimes.":[55],"He":[56],"argues":[57],"that":[58],"transitions":[60],"between":[61,96],"these":[62,197],"different":[63],"regimes,":[65],"inasmuch":[66],"as":[67],"they":[68],"have":[69,82],"failed":[70],"to":[71,137,150,165,174],"comply":[72],"Constitution's":[75],"written":[76],"rules":[77],"its":[79],"own":[80],"amendment,":[81],"taken":[83],"place":[84],"through":[85],"process":[87],"\u201chigher":[89],"lawmaking.\u201d":[90],"There":[91],"an":[93],"underlying":[94],"tension":[95],"this":[97],"voice":[98],"Ackerman's":[100,156],"and":[101,191,203],"other":[103,175,186],"one,":[104],"which":[105],"expounds":[106],"on":[107,133,159],"relevance":[109],"analysis":[112],"scholarship.":[115],"comparativist":[119],"lambastes":[120],"scholars":[123,136],"their":[125],"parochialism,":[126],"We":[128],"People":[130],"calls":[132],"ground":[138],"theories":[139],"Constitution":[142],"indigenous":[144],"political":[145],"practice.":[146],"This":[147],"paper":[148],"attempts":[149],"reconcile":[151],"strands":[154],"work,":[157],"focusing":[158],"\u201cconstitutional":[161],"moment\u201d\u2014Ackerman's":[162],"central":[163],"contribution":[164],"study":[167],"change\u2014and":[171],"applying":[172],"it":[173],"countries,":[176],"specifically,":[177],"Canada.":[178],"The":[179],"research":[182],"questions":[183],"are":[184],"whether":[185],"systems":[187],"experience":[188],"moments,":[190],"what":[192],"we":[193],"can":[194],"learn":[195],"about":[196],"moments":[198],"by":[199],"studying":[200],"them":[201],"inside":[202],"outside":[204],"United":[206],"States.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}