{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1595873113","doi":null,"title":"Liability and Regulation of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies","display_name":"Liability and Regulation of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1595873113","mag":"1595873113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt54k592hv","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/54k592hv.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/54k592hv.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt54k592hv","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040335377","display_name":"Nidhi Kalra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3013-7369","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3013-7369"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nidhi Kalra","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3013-7369","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024216881","display_name":"James Melvin Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-7996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-7996"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James M. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-7996","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045778280","display_name":"Mart\u00edn Wachs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6739-1654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6739-1654"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mart\u00edn Wachs","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6739-1654","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-vehicles","display_name":"autonomous vehicles","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"driver assistance systems","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tort-liability","display_name":"tort liability","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability-regulation","display_name":"liability regulation","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-adoption","display_name":"technology adoption","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-preemption","display_name":"federal preemption","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-tort-liability","display_name":"state tort liability","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/department-of-transportation","display_name":"Department of Transportation","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-standards","display_name":"automotive standards","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transportation-safety","display_name":"transport safety","score":0.652999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.8885846138000488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.5675499439239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5149479508399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705497","display_name":"Strict liability","level":3,"score":0.5069244503974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.5030233263969421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.47399747371673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4058835506439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.35851866006851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1625719666481018}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt54k592hv","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/54k592hv.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/54k592hv.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:587791846","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt54k592hv","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt54k592hv","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54k592hv","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:1595873113","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.its.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/publications/UCB/2009/PRR/UCB-ITS-PRR-2009-28.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764617720","display_name":"PATH research report","issn_l":"1055-1425","issn":["1055-1425"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PATH research report","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:587791846","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt54k592hv","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W589511761","https://openalex.org/W618601524","https://openalex.org/W634729537","https://openalex.org/W858321984","https://openalex.org/W1517835843","https://openalex.org/W1533593925","https://openalex.org/W1583641956","https://openalex.org/W1589357810","https://openalex.org/W1591912757","https://openalex.org/W1594011859","https://openalex.org/W1595850369","https://openalex.org/W1632864561","https://openalex.org/W1968195973","https://openalex.org/W2017053549","https://openalex.org/W2024457376","https://openalex.org/W2032391379","https://openalex.org/W2040661524","https://openalex.org/W2044925687","https://openalex.org/W2076155272","https://openalex.org/W2100444625","https://openalex.org/W2101574397","https://openalex.org/W2108592345","https://openalex.org/W2114981118","https://openalex.org/W2135328636","https://openalex.org/W2138588396","https://openalex.org/W2158412536","https://openalex.org/W2171496510","https://openalex.org/W2231730260","https://openalex.org/W2279893411","https://openalex.org/W2346761775","https://openalex.org/W2578357498"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099608451","https://openalex.org/W2595882997","https://openalex.org/W7217580284","https://openalex.org/W4396499495","https://openalex.org/W7110927556","https://openalex.org/W2782113942","https://openalex.org/W4399167181","https://openalex.org/W2766510570","https://openalex.org/W2510567347","https://openalex.org/W7196960721"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicle":[1,49,122,162,244,272],"technologies":[2,30,134,163,186],"and":[3,15,25,58,75,94,135,143,164,223,291,296,305],"advanced":[4],"driver-assistance":[5],"systems":[6],"have":[7],"the":[8,45,48,63,71,76,79,110,126,137,171,174,180,204,214,226,235,239,316],"potential":[9],"to":[10,47,101,191,260],"significantly":[11],"improve":[12],"transportation":[13],"safety":[14],"efficiency,":[16],"and,":[17],"collectively,":[18],"they":[19,35,188],"may":[20],"offer":[21],"tremendous":[22],"social,":[23],"economic,":[24],"environmental":[26,283,303],"benefits.":[27],"As":[28],"these":[29,82,92,133,183,253],"increasingly":[31],"perform":[32],"driving":[33,43],"functions,":[34],"also":[36,169],"create":[37],"a":[38,53,299],"shift":[39],"in":[40,118,155],"responsibility":[41,117],"for":[42,78,130,139,194,199,242,252,270,276],"from":[44],"driver":[46],"itself.":[50],"This":[51,84],"motivates":[52],"new":[54],"look":[55],"at":[56],"liability":[57,112,166,176,193,198],"regulatory":[59,240],"regimes":[60],"because":[61,187],"of":[62,81,99,182,206,209,217,225,228,302,312],"increasing":[64],"uncertainty":[65],"about":[66],"what":[67],"should":[68],"happen":[69],"when":[70],"inevitable":[72],"crash":[73],"occurs":[74],"implications":[77,138,227],"adoption":[80,181],"technologies.":[83,123,317],"research":[85],"is":[86,257],"an":[87,96,152],"initial":[88,262],"step":[89],"toward":[90],"understanding":[91],"issues":[93],"creating":[95],"integrated":[97],"collection":[98],"policies":[100],"address":[102],"them.In":[103],"this":[104],"work,":[105],"we":[106,202,233],"first":[107],"evaluate":[108],"how":[109,309],"existing":[111,175,236],"regime":[113,177],"would":[114],"likely":[115,190],"assign":[116],"crashes":[119,131],"involving":[120,132],"autonomous":[121,161,243,271],"We":[124,145,168],"identify":[125],"controlling":[127],"legal":[128],"principles":[129],"examine":[136],"their":[140],"further":[141],"development":[142],"adoption.":[144],"anticipate":[146],"that":[147,173],"consumer":[148,157],"education":[149],"will":[150,178,266],"play":[151],"important":[153,269],"role":[154],"reducing":[156,197],"overreliance":[158],"on":[159,238],"nascent":[160],"minimizing":[165],"risk.":[167],"discuss":[170,203],"possibility":[172,205],"slow":[179],"socially":[184],"desirable":[185],"are":[189,248],"increase":[192],"manufacturers":[195],"while":[196],"drivers.":[200],"Finally,":[201],"federal":[207],"preemption":[208],"state":[210,230],"tort":[211,231],"suits":[212],"if":[213],"U.S.":[215],"Department":[216],"Transportation":[218],"(US":[219],"DOT)":[220],"promulgates":[221],"regulations":[222,251],"some":[224],"eliminating":[229],"liability.Second,":[232],"review":[234],"literature":[237],"environment":[241],"technologies.To":[245],"date,":[246],"there":[247],"no":[249],"government":[250],"technologies,":[254],"but":[255],"work":[256],"being":[258],"done":[259],"develop":[261],"industry":[263],"standards.":[264],"It":[265],"be":[267,289],"particularly":[268],"technology":[273],"standards\u2014unlike":[274],"standards":[275,295],"most":[277],"other":[278],"automotive":[279],"technologies\u2014to":[280],"specify":[281],"precise":[282],"conditions":[284],"under":[285,298],"which":[286],"compliance":[287],"must":[288],"met":[290],"tested,":[292],"include":[293],"performance":[294],"tests":[297],"wide":[300],"range":[301],"conditions,":[304],"take":[306],"into":[307],"account":[308],"diverse":[310],"populations":[311],"drivers":[313],"might":[314],"use":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}